Dates Flashcards
Norman Conquest
1066
William faced rebellions from A.-S.
1066-1087
Harrying of the North
1069
Hereward the Wake
1071
Black Death
1348
Statute of Labourers
1351
when did people begin to question the beliefs of the Christian Church (later medieval)
13th & 14th centuries
heresy laws (later medieval)
1382
1401 burning at the stake
1414 ‘Justices of the Peace’ power to arrest suspected heretics & take them to Church courts
Assizes of Clarendon (Henry II)
1166
Richard I appointed coroners
1194
Richard I appointed knights as keepers of ‘King’s Peace’ in violent/unruly areas
1195
Richard I appointed knights as keepers of ‘King’s Peace’ in violent/unruly areas
1195
Edward III extended knights to keep ‘King’s Peace’ to whole country
1327
knights known as ‘Justices of the Peace’
by 1361
Assizes of Northampton (Henry II)
1176
High Treason introduced
1351
printing press invented
15th cent.
Henry VIII broke away from Catholic Church
1534
Act of Uniformity (church or fine)
1559
Act of Supremacy (oath to CofE or punished)
1559
Gunpowder Plot
1605
Popish Recusants Act (Catholics = oath to King & fines for not going to church)
1605
Civil War
1640s
Oliver Cromwell was ‘Lord Protector’
1650s (for 5 years)
Thomas Harman’s book
1657
bad harvests (early modern)
1570s & 1590s
Vagrancy Act (able-bodied without work for 3 days = branded with V & sold as slave for 2 years)
1547
Act for the Relief of the Poor (whipped & burned through ear with hot iron, 2nd offence = execution)
1597
Poor Laws (‘poor relief’ to ‘deserving poor’, ‘undeserving poor’ = whipping or imprisonment)
1601
Game Act (poaching = illegal)
1671
import duties introduced
17th cent.
Church courts banned from trying criminal acts (only allowed to try moral ones)
1576
Henry VIII heavily restricted use of sanctuary
1536
James I abolished sanctuary
1623
prisons often held petty criminals, vagrants & drunk & disorderly offenders
early 16th cent.
‘House of Correction’ opened
1556
similar prisons to Bridewell Prison/House of Correction opened
17th cent.
num. crimes punishable by death increased to 50 (Bloody Code)
1688
transportation to North America introduced
reign of James I
import taxes increased & extended to more goods
17th & 18th centuries
lots of smugglers including leaders of Hawkhurst Gang hanged
1748
PM William Pitt lowered import duties
1780s
import duties reduced again
19th cent.
highway robbery became more common
18th cent.
roads improved by Turnpike Trusts
18th cent.
highway robbery completely declined by …
19th cent.
death penalty introduced for anyone armed & in disguise on a highway
1772
last reported case of highway robbery
1831
increased num. mounted patrols
1800s onwards
poaching viewed as more serious in …
18th cent.
Black Act (poaching = death)
1723
Black Act repealed (by Sir Robert Peel)
1823
witchcraft no longer treated as serious crime
by 18th & 19th centuries
Reformation
1500-1700
last execution for heresy
1612
Enlightenment
18th cent.
Witchcraft Act (decrim. witchcraft)
1736 (during reign of George II)
public executions ended
1868
222 crimes carried death pen. by …
1810
only treason & murder carried death pen. by …
1840
transportation to North America began
around 1610
England lost colonies due to American War of Independence
1783
Australia claimed as part of British Empire
1770
transportation stopped being used
1868
Gaols Act (influenced by John Howard, led to improvements in living standards in prisons)
1774
Gaols Act (influenced by Elizabeth Fry, passed by Robert Peel, separated prisoners into categories)
1823
survey on prisons (industrial)
1777
central gov. began to pay cost of local prisons
1830
Gaols Act (introduced regular inspections of prisons by gov. officials)
1835
all prisons brought under auth. of central gov.
1877
Pentonville Prison
1842
Prisons Act (introduced ‘hard labour, hard fare & hard board’)
1865
Bow Street Runners
1748
Bow Street Runners officially paid by gov.
1785
Metropolitan Police Act
1829
Police Act
1856
National Crime Records
1869
‘detective branch’ at Scotland Yard
1842
Criminal Investigations Department (CID)
1878
when were 600 detectives added to the CID
1883
when did the CID try to identify Jack the Ripper by handwriting
1880s
when did the CID convict a burglar using fingerprint evidence
1902
Sexual Offences Act
1967
Criminal Justice Act (more severe sentences for hate crimes)
2005
many people from Commonwealth countries came to Britain to work
1950s
Race Relations Act
1968
spreading racial or religious hatred = crime
2006
campaigns for equal rights for women & ‘sexual revolution’
1960s
Domestic Violence Act (right to ask for inunction against violent partner)
1976
possible to prosecute husband for raping wife
1991
controlling & coercive behaviour = crime
2014
Abortion Act
1967
illegal to drive car while drunk
1925
max. limit for alcohol in blood & drive
1967
gov. awareness campaigns about risk of drink-driving
since 1970s
gov. awareness campaigns about dangers of speeding
late 20th cent.
Misuse of Drugs Act
1971
people took drugs socially & considered social crime
1960s & 1970s
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
1970s & 1980s
ISIS
2010s
‘white slave trade’
19th cent.
breathalysers
1967
speed cameras
1992
Fingerprint Branch at Met. Police headquarters at New Scotland Yard
1901
first murder convictions on DNA samples from victims & accused
1988
Police National Computer
1974
Metropolitan Police Bomb Squad
1971
National Hi-tech Crime Unit (online crimes)
2001
first Fraud Squad (crime in business & stock market)
1946
National Crime Agency (drug-trafficking into UK & large-scale drug production in UK)
2013
first Neighbourhood Watch
1982
hard labour in prisons ended
1902
educational opportunities introduced to prisons
1922
‘open prisons’
1933
‘borstals’
1902
borstals replaced with youth custody centres
1982
Criminal Justice Act (reduced use of prisons for young offenders & introduced detention centres & attendance centres)
1948
Children & Young Persons Acts (focused more on supervision rather than prison sentences)
1960s
Children’s Act (abolished death pen. for under 16s)
1908
Infanticide Act
1922
death pen. suspended
1965
Derek Bentley sentenced
Dec. 1952
gov. signed up to European Convention on Human Rights & death pen. abolished
1999
Timothy Evans executed
1950
Ruth Ellis hanged
1955
Homicide Act (defendants suffering from diminished responsibility or abused by person murdered treated more leniently)
1957
William encouraged Church to set up Church courts
11th cent.
Constitutions of Clarendon (clergy guilty in Church courts also tried in secular courts)
1164
Pope ordered priests should stop helping organise trials by ordeal
1215
falling wages & rising unemp. (witchcraft)
late 16th cent.
English Civil Wars began
1642
Daemonologie published
1597
James I became King of England & published new edition of Daemonologie
1603
‘witchcraze’
16th cent.
Matthew Hopkins started hunting witches
1645
witch hunts … most widespread episode of mass executions for witchcraft in English history
1645-47
up to 1,000 executed for witchcraft
1542-1736
George Loveless & 5 others arrested in Tolpuddle, Dorset
Feb. 1834
George Loveless & 5 others formed ‘friendly society’
1833
Tolpuddle Martyrs pardoned & released
Mar. 1836
Military Service Act (conscription)
1916
unmarried men 18-41 called to join armed forces
Mar. 1916
married men also conscripted & upper age limit increased to 51
1918
Second World War
1939-1945
