Crime

Question 1

Norman England: Murdrum Fine

Answer 1

N. murdered by A.-S. & not captured by tithing
paid by hundred where body found

Question 2

Norman England: Forest Laws

Answer 2

~40% ‘royal forest’
evicted ~40 villages to create ‘Nova Foresta’ (New Forest) in Hampshire
‘Foresters’
hanging/castration
‘hunting license’

Question 3

Norman England: outlaws

Answer 3

‘Feudal System’
man aged 14 or over
‘outside protection of law’

Question 4

Later medieval: Statute of Labourers

Answer 4

1348 Black Death
~1/3 pop. died
1351

Question 5

Later medieval: heresy

Answer 5

13th & 14th centuries
‘Lollards’ led by John Wycliffe
1382
1401 burning at stake
1414 ‘Justices of the Peace’ could arrest & take to Church courts

Question 6

Early Modern: heresy (set-up)

Answer 6

1534 Henry VIII broke away from Catholic Church

Question 7

Early Modern: heresy (Mary I)

Answer 7

Catholic
‘Bloody Mary’
almost 300 ‘heretics’ burned

Question 8

Early Modern: heresy (Elizabeth I)

Answer 8

Protestant
Act of Uniformity (1559) = church or fine
Act of Supremacy (1559) = oath to CofE or punished

Question 9

Early Modern: heresy (James I)

Answer 9

Protestant
Gunpowder Plot (1605)
Popish Recusants Act (1605) = oath to King or fines

Question 10

Early Modern: moral laws

Answer 10

Civili War (1642-49) -> Charles I executed
Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) = ‘Lord Protector’ 1653-58
sport banned on Sunday
feasting & drinking banned
celebrations at Christmas banned

Question 11

Early Modern: vagabondage

Answer 11

printing press -> pamphlet literature
Thomas Harman’s 1657 book
poor rates (already paid)
bad harvests 1570s & 1590s
London & Oxford
Vagrancy Act (1547) = no work 3 days branded with ‘V’ & sold as slave 2 years
Act for the Relief of the Poor (1597) = whipped & ear burned, 2nd offence execution
Poor Laws (1601) = ‘poor relief’ to ‘deserving poor’ or whipping or imprisonment

Question 12

Ealy Modern: poaching

Answer 12

‘enclosure’
Game Act (1671) = poaching illegal

Question 13

Early Modern: smuggling

Answer 13

17th cent. import duties on some alcohol & tea
hanged

Question 14

Industrial: smuggling

Answer 14

17th & 18th centuries import taxes increased
extended to cloth, wine & spirits
Hawkhurst Gang on south coast
1748 35 smugglers including leaders of H. Gang hanged
earn several times daily wage
3 million pounds’ weight tea into Britain each year
20,000 smugglers gangs up to 100 men
PM William Pitt lowered import duties 1780s, 19th cent. reduced again

Question 15

Industrial: highway robbery

Answer 15

18th cent.
trade, increased, few banks
18th cent. Turnpike trusts -> road surfaces
stagecoach services
no rural police orce
horses & guns
Jack Shepherd & Dick Turpin
declined by 19th cent.
‘King’s Highway’
postal service
1772 = death pen. armed & in disguise
1800s onwards mounted patrols
19th cent. developments in banking

Question 16

Industrial: poaching

Answer 16

viewed as more serious 18th cent.
rise in violent gangs & poaching raids
deer parks & game reserves
Black Act (1723) = punishable by death
fines up to £5
imprisonment up to 3 months
blacken face/snares/dogs
land worth over £100 a year
alibis/lied in court
1823 Black Act repealed by Robert Peel

Question 17

Industrial: witchcraft

Answer 17

18th & 17th centuries
Reformation (1500-1700)
last execution for heresy 1612
18th cent. Enlightenment
1736 under George II Witchcraft Act decrim. witchcraft
frauds & tricksters

Question 18

Modern: homophobic crime

Answer 18

1960s ‘sexual revolution’
Sexual Offences Act (1967) = decrim. homosexuality for men over 21
Criminal Justice Act (2005) = more severe sentences for hate crimes

Question 19

Modern: race crime

Answer 19

1950s Commonwealth countries
Race Relations Act (1968) = illegal to refuse jobs, housing or services on basis of race, ethnic background or country of origin
2006 law= extended - spreading racial or religious hatred = crime

Question 20

Modern: domestic violence

Answer 20

19th cent. common view = men dominant partners
20th cent. campaign for women’s votes, contribution in WWs & 1960s campaign for equal rights
Domestic Violence Act (1976) = right to ask for injunction against violent partner
1991 prosecute husband for raping wife
2014 controlling & coercive behaviour
2 women England & Wales killed by current/former partner a week

Question 21

Modern: abortion

Answer 21

‘backstreet abortion’
alcohol, wire coat hangers or poisons
1960s liberal attitudes
Abortion Act (1967)

Question 22

Modern: growth of social crimes

Answer 22

tax evasion, copyright theft, minor driving offences, drug-taking

Question 23

Modern: driving offences

Answer 23

1925 = illegal drive car while drunk
1967 = limit for alcohol in bloodstream
since 1970s gov. awareness campaigns
speeding - gov. advertising campaigns late 20th cent.

Question 24

Modern: drug-taking

Answer 24

Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
1960s & 70s social crime
illegal prostitution, sex trafficking & gang-related violence

Question 25

Modern: terrorism

Answer 25

Guy Fawkes & Gunpowder Plotters
1970s & 80s Irish Republican Army (IRA)
car-bombs, ‘soft civilian targets’
Al-Qaeda & ISIS 2010s
Europe & Middle East
internet - communicate, gather, ‘train’

Question 26

Modern: people-trafficking

Answer 26

poorer & vulnerable to UK low/no wage
prostitution
19th cent. ‘white slave trade’ poor girls
powerful international gangs

Question 27

Modern: cybercrime

Answer 27

fraud - tricking
‘phishing’ emails
copyright theft
extortion or backmail