Enforcement Flashcards
Norman England: local community enforcement
collective responsibility
every male over 12 - tithing
‘hue and cry’
Norman England: Trial by combat
disputes over large sums of money or land
to death or until one gave in -> later put to death (usually by hanging) = God judged guilty
benefit N. Lords
Later medieval: changes to trials & courts / Assizes of Clarendon
Henry II
1166
prisons
Justices in Eyre = visit each county twice a year & hold royal courts - serious crimes
abolished trial by ordeal apart from ordeal of water
‘jury’ of 12 local men
abolished ‘compurgation’
sent to all Sheriffs in England
Norman England: Church courts & Trial by Ordeal
moral crimes - adultery/blasphemy
Trial by hot iron
Later medieval: changes to enforcement / new enforcement officials appointed
13th & 14th centuries
London 30,000 & York 11,000
1194 Richard I = coroners
1195 Richard I = knights as keepers of ‘King’s Peace’ in unruly/violent areas
1327 Edward III = extended this to whole country
by 1361 known as ‘Justices of the Peace
Early Modern: pop. growth & the need for a centralised system / new enforcement officials appointed
1500 2½ million -> 1700 5-7 million
London 50,000
town watchmen or night watchmen
male householders serve as night watchmen as unpaid volunteers
10pm-dawn
sergeants - enforce market regulations
town constables - part-time, no weapons or uniform, arrest suspects, some punishments
thief takers - paid reward for catching criminals
Early Modern: changes in the role of the Church / reduced role of the Church
Henry VII = reduce usage of ‘benefit of the clergy’
only used once in his reign
Edward VI = serious crimes exempt from benefit of clergy
1576 Church courts banned from trying criminal acts
‘secular’ courts
Henry VIII = reduce sanctuary
1623 James I = abolished sanctuary
Industrial: Bow Street Runners
1748, Chief Magistrate Henry Fielding (Fielding brothers)
London
attend crime scenes, detect criminals & publish descriptions of wanted persons in local Covent Garden Journal
regular foot & horse patrols
charged fees
1785 officially paid by gov.
Industrial: the creation of the Metropolitan Police
Metropolitan Police Act (1829) - Sir Robert Peel
first professional police force in London
17 districts each had own police division with 4 inspectors & 144 constables
full-time, funded through increased public taxation
answerable to Home Secretary
all 3,200 officers fully trained to national standards
Industrial: developments in policing
Police Act (1856) = created local police forces across England
1869 first national Crime Records set up
telegraph communications
Industrial: the creation of the detective branch / Criminal Investigations Department
1842 ‘detective branch’ at Scotland Yard with 16 officers
‘plain clothes’
gather evidence, investigate & solve crimes
1878 CID with 200 detectives
further 600 added in 1883
1880s trie to identify Ripper by handwriting
1902 convicted burglar using fingerprint evidence
Modern: increased use of technology to deter crime
since 1900 -> preventing crime
breathalysers 1967
speed cameras 1992
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
Closed circuit television (CCTV)
Modern: increased use of technology to investigate crime
increased conviction rate & helped to reduce crime
forensic teams - DNA, fingerprints, objects
1901 first Fingerprint Branch set up at Met. Police headquarters at New Scotland Yard
1988 first murder convictions based on DNA samples
1974 Police National Computer - capable of holding records of 25 million individuals
fingerprints, motor vehicles & missing person details
National DNA Database records of over 5.7 million individuals
Modern: increased specialisation of the police
20th cent.
1946 Fraud Squad, London, crime in business & stock market
1971 Metropolitan Police Bomb Squad - IRA & others
2001 National Hi-tech Crime Unit - online crimes
2013 National crime Agency - drug-trafficking into UK & large scale drug production in UK
Modern: increased focus on prevention
first Neighbourhood Watch 1982
local vigilance, community enforcement
early 1980s rose from 1,000 to 29,000
3.8 million households
