Pump Manual Flashcards
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the surface of the earth due to the weight of air. At sea level it is 14.7 psi.
BTU
British Thermal Unit: a unit of energy needed to cool or heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
Freeman’s Formula
Determines flow from solid bore nozzles and solid stream orifices such as a hydrant port.
Equation for determining GPM from a solid bore
GPM = 29.7 x D squared x Square Root of NP (80 or 50)
Eductor Rate
Class B: 3% for hydrocarbons, 6% for polar solvents. Class A: 0.1%-1.0% based on situational need
Flow Pressure
aka Velocity Pressure. Pressure created by the rate of flow or velocity of water coming from a discharge. Measured using a pitot gauge.
Head Pressure
Pressure generated by the weight of a column of water above the pump. For every 1-foot increase in elevation, .434 psi is gained.
Master Stream
A large caliber hose stream capable of flowing 350 GPM or more.
Maximum Lift
The height a pumper in good condition can be expected to lift water at draft. Generally considered 2/3 of theoretical lift, or between 22 and 25 feet.
Maximum Dependable Flow
75% of the total capacity of an engine. This is the maximum flow for an engine during a relay operation (NFPA standard).
NFF
Needed Fire Flow. The amount of water needed to control the fire within 1 minute.
Net PDP
Net Pump Discharge Pressure. The actual amount of pressure being produced by the pump. Net PDP = discharge pressure - incoming supply pressure.
Reasonable Efficiency
Term to describe the percentage of water that is actually converted to steam when applied to a fire. The accepted amount is 80% of water will be converted to steam and 20% will be wasted.
Residual Pressure
Pressure at the test hydrant while water is flowing. Represents the pressure remaining in the water system while the test water is flowing and is that part of the total pressure that is not used to overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through the hose, etc.
Static Pressure
The stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, fire hose, and adaptors while water is at rest.
Theoretical Lift
Theoretical, scientific height that a column of water may be lifted by atmospheric pressure in a true vacuum; at sea level it is considered 33.9 feet.
Type 1 or Class A pumper
A centrifugal pump that delivers 100% of its capacity at 150 psi, 70% at 200 psi, and 50% at 250 psi as measured from draft lifting water higher than 10 feet.
1 gallon contains how many cubic inches?
231
1 cubic foot of water weighs how much?
62.5 lbs
1 cubic foot contains how many gallons?
7.48 gallons
1 gallon of water weighs how much?
8.34 lbs
A column 1 foot high exerts how much pressure at the base?
.434 psi
1 psi will raise a column of water how high?
2.304 feet
Doubling the velocity of water through hose will have what effect?
Quadruple the friction loss
A perfect vacuum is what?
About 30” Hg
A perfect vacuum will raise water how high?
33.9 feet
One gallon of water will absorb how many BTU’s?
9343 BTU
1 BTU means what?
The heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1 degree F
1 cubic foot of water expands how much at 212 degrees F?
1700 cubic feet of steam
Iowa formula for estimating GPM needed to control a fire.
GPM = Cubic feet involved / 100 (Used with legacy fuels)
NFF calculation
NFF = length x width / 3 x % involved.
Average output of burning material in a room.
8000-16000 BTU per pound.
Principle 1 of water: Fluid pressure is ________ to any surface on which it acts.
Perpendicular
Principle 2 of water: When a fluid is at rest, fluid pressure is ________ in all directions
The same
Principle 3 of water: When there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is _________ at every other point in the container
An equal increase
Principle 4 of water: The downward pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is ________ to its depth
Proportional
Principle 5 of water: The downward pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is _________ to its density
Proportional
Principle 6 of water: The downward pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is ___________ by the shape of the container.
Not affected
Flow Pressure
The measurement of water coming from a discharge opening. The pressure shown on a pump discharge gauge when water is flowing. Can also be determined using a pitot gauge.
Normal Operating Pressure
The pressure in a water system during normal consumption demands. The difference between static pressure and normal operating pressure is caused by friction loss within the system.
Static Pressure
The measurement of water when it is at rest or not moving through hose.
How many gallons in 100’ 1 3/4” hose?
12.5 gallons
How many gallons in 100’ 2 1/2” hose?
26 gallons
How many gallons in 100’ 4” hose?
65 gallons
How many gallons in 100’ 5” hose?
102 gallons
Max gpm through a hand line nozzle
350 gpm
Solid bore hand line nozzle pressure
50 psi
Solid bore master stream nozzle pressure
80 psi
Automatic fog nozzle
Have the capability to flow water at varying GPM while maintaining a constant nozzle pressure
Piercing Nozzle gpm and pressure
125 gpm, 100 psi
Cellar Nozzle gpm and pressure
250 gpm, 100 psi
Chimney Nozzle gpm and pressure
1-3 gpm, 100 psi
Master Stream Foam Nozzle gpm and pressure
350 gpm, 100 psi
Nozzle Reaction for Fog Nozzles Equation
NR = .0505 x Q x square root of NP
Nozzle Reaction for Smooth Bore Nozzles
NR = 1.57 x D squared x NP
Horizontal Reach
A stream that has a discharge angle of 45 degrees or less
Vertical Reach
A stream that has a discharge angle of 45 degrees or more
Greatest horizontal reach is obtained at what angle?
32 degrees
What causes pressure loss in fire hose?
90% is turbulence, 5-10% is friction
Principle 1 of friction loss: Friction loss varies ______ with the length of the hose.
Directly
Principle 2 of friction loss: Double the velocity = ______ the friction loss
Quadruple
Principle 3 of friction loss: For the same discharge, FL varies _______ of the diameter of the hose
Inversely as the fifth power
Principle 4 of friction loss: For a given velocity flow, friction loss is _______ regardless of the pressure on the water.
Approximately the same
Hose Multipliers for Q squared method
1 3/4” = x10, 2 1/2” = x2, 4” = /5, 5” = /20
How is elevation loss or gain calculated?
0.5 psi for every foot of elevation lost or gained.
AFL in standpipe piping if less than 350 gpm
10 psi
AFL in standpipe piping if more than 350 gpm
25 psi
AFL for foam eductor
50 psi
AFL for appliances (wyes, siamese, and manifolds) if more than 350 gpm
10 psi
AFL for master streams (ladder pipes, deck guns, ground monitors)
25 psi
Starting PDP for sprinkler systems
150 psi
How much gpm does an open sprinkler head require?
20 gpm
Sprinklers are annually tested to what pressure?
175 psi
Class 1 standpipe system
2 1/2” outlets for firefighting
Class 2 standpipe system
1 1/2” hose outlets for occupant use
Class 3 standpipe system
Combination standpipe, integrates class 1 and 2 into one system
Pump to which floor for standpipe PDP?
Highest floor
Two parallel lines will have ______ the friction loss of a single line with the same diameter, length, and GPM flow.
1/4
Two types of relay pumping operations
Constant pressure relay and Maximum distance relay
Constant pressure relay
All engines in relay set PDP to same pressure, attack engine leaves an unused discharge port open to handle the excess water not being used
Maximum distance relay
Determine how far a predetermined amount of water can be pumped through a particular size hose
Max net PDP for relay pumping
180 psi (250 psi pump rating - 50 psi safety - 20 psi intake residual)
Number of pumpers needed in a relay equation
Total distance of relay / maximum distance + 1
Application Rates for Class-A Foam
0.5% Fire Attack. 0.2% Overhaul. 1.0% Defensive Coatings. 0.1-0.2% Wildland Pre-treating Structures
Application Rate for Class-B Foam
3% Hydrocarbons. 6% Polar Solvents.
Hydrocarbons
Flammable liquids that float on and will not mix with water (gasoline, diesel, heptane, kerosene)
Polar Solvents
Flammable liquids that will mix with water (ketones, esters, alcohol)
Novacool
Class AB Foam can be used on Class A, B, D, K, and 3D fires. Known as a “Universal Extinguishing Agent”.
Application Rates for Novacool
0.4% Fire Attack. 0.1% Overhaul and Brush Fires
Average fire load of a typical bedroom
4.3 lbs/ft2
How is theoretical lift calculated
14.7 X 2.304 = 33.9
Velocity
Speed at which water travels through fire hose - measured in feet per second (FPS)
What does 1 inch of Mercury on the vacuum gauge indicate?
1.13 feet a column of water can be lifted (30 inches x 1.13 = 33.9 feet of life)
Pumpers in good condition can be expected to develop a vacuum of _____ inches of Mercury
22 inches Hg. (22 in Hg x 1.13 feet = 25 feet of lift)
Equation for Horizontal Reach of a Solid Stream
Distance = 1/2 x NP + 26 (+5 for every 1/8” increase over 3/4”)
AFL for elevated master stream
25 psi for elevated master stream, 25 psi for waterway piping
Maximum distance between pumpers equation
165/FL x 100
