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Important Cards > Pump Manual > Flashcards

Pump Manual Flashcards

1
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

14.7

Affects amount of vacuum that can be generated inside a pump and how high water can be drafted

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2
Q

Dependable lift

A

height that a column of water can be lifted to provide a reliable fire flow

14.7 ft at sea level

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3
Q

Dual pumping

A

Using a strong hydrant to supply two pumpers by connecting intake to intake

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4
Q

Eductor rate (ED)

A

Application % for eductors:

3% for hydrocarbons
6% for polar solvents
Class A: 0.1 - 1.0%

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5
Q

FDC standard pressure for spinklers

A

150 PSI

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6
Q

Fire Load

A

Avg weight lbs/sqft of contents of a room

Avg begroom has 4.3 lbs/sft

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7
Q

Head pressure

A

For every 1’ increase in elevation .434 PSI increase

e.g. 5 lbs per floor

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8
Q

Master stream

A

large caliber hose that flows 350 GPM or more

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9
Q

Max dependable flow

A

75% of the total capacity of an engine

this is the max flow for an engine during a relay operation

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10
Q

Needed Fire Flow (NFF)

A

The amount of water (in GPM) needed to control the fire within 1 min

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11
Q

Normal operating pressure

A

Pressure in a water system during regular domestic consumption

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12
Q

Parallel (Volume) mode

A

In a two-stage pump, source water flows from intake into the eye of both impellers simultaneously

Each impeller pumps 50% of that rated GPM capacity of the pump

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13
Q

Priming Pump

A

Positive displacement pump that pumps air out of centrifugal pumps…when activated, reduces pressure inside pump below 14.7 (atmospheric pressure)

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14
Q

Pump Discharge Pressure Formula

A

PDP = NP + FL +- EP + AFL

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15
Q

Reasonable Efficiency

A

% of water that is actually converted into steam in a fire = 80%

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16
Q

Series (Pressure) mode

A

First stage impeller increases pressure and dishcarges 50-70% of the volume capacity through the transfer valve and into the eye of the 2nd impeller

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17
Q

Static pressure

A

Stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, fire hose, and adapters while water is at rest

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18
Q

Tandem pumping

A

Short relay. Pumper at water source pumps to the intake of second pumper.

Used when pressures higher than the capabilities of a single pump are required.

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19
Q

Theoretical lift

A

Theoretic height that a column of water can be lifted by atmospheric pressure in true vacuum

33.9 ft at sea level (14.7 x 2.304 psi = 33.9)

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20
Q

Type 1 Pumper

A

100% of its rated capacity at 150 psi
70 % of its rated capacity at 200 psi
50% of its rated capacity at 250 psi

Measured from draft lifting water at least 10 ft

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21
Q

Max GPM for handline

A

350 gpm above this creates too much of NR

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22
Q

Nozzle Pressure - Smooth Bore

A

Handline: 50 psi

Master stream: 80 psi

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23
Q

Solid Bore tip sizes

A

15/16”
1”
1 1/8”
1 1/4”

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24
Q

Solid Bore Handline - Tip sizes and GPMs

A

15/16” –> 185 GPM*
1” –> 210 GPM
1 1/8” –> 265 GPM
1 1/4” –> 325 GPM*

*Breakaway nozzle diameter for our 1 3/4” and 2 1/2” pre-connects

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25
Q

Solid Bore Master Stream - Tip sized and GPMs

A

1 3/8” —> 500gpm
1 1/2” —> 600gpm
1 3/4” —> 800 gpm
2” —> 1000 gpm

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26
Q

Specialty nozzles - flow and nozzle pressure

A

Piercing — 125 gpm @ 100psi
Cellar — 250 gpm @100 psi
Chimney — 1-3gpm @ 100 psi
Master stream foam – 350gpm @ 100 psi

All are pumped at 100psi at the tip

pg 20

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27
Q

Weight of 1 cubic foot of water

A

62.4 lbs

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28
Q

Gallons in 1 cubic foot

A

7.48

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29
Q

Weight of 1 gal

A

8.34 lbs

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30
Q

Parallel hose lines reduce friction loss by what %?

A

75%

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31
Q

1 cubic foot of water expands to how many of steam at 212 degrees?

A

1700 cubic feet

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32
Q

1 gal water expands to how many cubic feet of steam at 212?

A

227

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33
Q

1 gal will absorb all of the heat that can be produced with available oxygen in how many cubic ft of air?

A

200

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34
Q

Needed Fire Flow (NFF)

A

NFF = [ (length x width) / 3 ] x % involvement

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35
Q

7 types of pressure: Atmospheric

A

Pressure exerted on surface of earth by weight of air

  • 14.7 PSI at sea level (decreases w/ increase in elevation; 1 PSI of atmosphere will raise a column of water 2.31 ft)
  • Feet of water 33.9ft theoretical lift (14.7 psi x 2.31ft = 33.9)
    - good pumper max lift = 22-25ft
    - dependable lift = 14.7ft
  • Hg = 30 inches (inches of mg in vacuum gauges) – pumpers in good condition can create vacuum of 22” mg
    - 1” mg on the pump vacuum gauge = 1.13 ft column of water can be lifted (1.13 x 22 = 25ft max lift)

pg 12

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36
Q

7 types of pressure: Elevation Pressure

A

0.434 psi / ft

or

5 psi / floor

pg 12

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37
Q

7 types of pressure: flow pressure

A

measurement of water coming from a discharge opening (reading on pressure gauge)

pg 12

38
Q

7 types of pressure: head pressure

A

refers to the height of a water supply above the discharge

Convert feet to head by dividing feet by 2.304

1 / 0.434 = 2.304

pg 12

39
Q

7 types of pressure: normal operating pressure

A

Pressure in a water system during normal consumption demands; once water starts flowing we no longer have static pressure. Difference between static pressure and NOP is friction loss

pg 12

40
Q

7 types of pressure: Residual pressure

A

Pressure remaining in the system after water is flowing (used to estimate additional flow capacity)

pg 12

41
Q

7 types of pressure: static pressure

A

pressure when water is not flowing; this is the pressure you read on the fire pump when no discharges are open

pg 12.

42
Q

10/15/25 rule

A

10% drop from initial residual compound reading = additional 3x the current GPM flow
15% drop = additional 2x the current GPM flow
25% drop = additional 1x the current GPM flow

pg 13

43
Q

Principle #1: friction loss varies directly with the length of the hose or pipe

A

double the length of the hose = double the friction loss

pg 24

44
Q

Principle #2: When hoses are the same diameter, friction loss varies with the square of the increase in flow (gpm)

A

Double the flow = quadruple the friction loss

pg 24

45
Q

Principle #3: For same discharge, friction loss varies inversely as the fifth power of the diameter of the hose

A

The smaller the diameter, the greater the friction loss

46
Q

Principle #4: For a given velocity flow, friction loss is approx the same regardless of pressure on the water

A

Friction loss is caused by speed of water, not the pressure

47
Q

Parallel hose lines - effect on friction loss

A

Compared to a single line:

2 lines = 1/4 the FL
3 lines = 1/9 the FL
4 lines = 1/16 the FL

48
Q

Friction loss multipliers (M) by hose diameter

A 
1"            --->   150
1 3/4"      --->   10
2 1/2"     --->    2
3"           --->    1
4"           --->    0.2  (divide by 5)
5"           --->    0.05 (divide by 20)
49
Q

Elevation pressure when distance above pump is known

A

EP = 0.434 x H

As a rule, add 5 psi for every 10 feet elevation above pump, reduce psi by 5 for every 10 ft drop below pump

50
Q

Appliance Friction Loss - standpipe

A

<350 GPM => 10 psi

>350 GPM => 25 psi

51
Q

Appliance Friction Loss - master stream (ladder pipes, deck guns, blitz fire)

A

25 PSI for all GPM

  • by definition master stream is flowing >350
52
Q

Appliance friction loss for appliances (wyes, siamese, manifold)

A

<350 gpm => 0 psi

>350 gpm => 10 psi

53
Q

Appliance friction loss - foam eductor

A

50 psi

54
Q

Wyed lines with equal length, diameter and GPM

A
  1. Add GPM for all nozzles and use as Q for calc’ing FL in supply line
    * 2. If total GPM >350, add 10 psi FL for wye appliance*
  2. Calc FL in supply line
  3. Calc FL for one discharge
  4. Calc PDP by adding FL for supply and one discharge
55
Q

Wyed lines with unequal length, diameter, GPM flow

A

Same as equal length/diameter, flow, except:

Figure PDP by adding FL for supply + highest pressure handline….gate down lower pressure handline at the wye

56
Q

PDP for spinklers

A 
GPM = 0.5 x P + 15 
P = sprinkler head pressure (typically 7-10 PSI)

Each open sprinkler head requires 20 GPM

Starting pressure should be 150 psi

57
Q

Three types of standpipes

A

Class 1: 2 1/2” outlets for firefighting

Class 2: 1 1/2” hose outlets for occupant use

Class 3: Combination standpipe, integrates class 1 and class 2

58
Q

Appliance friction loss when pumping an aerial lader

A

25 psi for waterway piping

+

25 psi for master stream appliance

59
Q

Minimum intake residual pressure

A

20 psi

60
Q

Maximum net PDP

A

180 PSI

= 250 PSI pump rating - 50 PSI safety - 20 PSI intake residual = 180 PSI

61
Q

Estimating needed fire flow (NFF) in a relay

A

NFF = ( L x W x % involvement ) / 3

62
Q

Calculating max distance between pumpers in a relay

A

Max distance = (165 / FL ) x 100

FL is for 100 ft section
165 and 100 are constants

63
Q

Calculate # of pumpers needed in a relay

A

= ( Total distance of relay / Max distance ) + 1

64
Q

How much 5” LDH does an engine carry?

A

900’

65
Q

NFPA standard for max dependable flow for a relay pumper

A

75% of its rated capacity at draft

66
Q

Types of foam systems on our apparatuses

A

CAFS
Foam Pro
Husky
Perce Quantum system

Generally we carry 40 gallons of Class A or Novacool; some engines carry three 5 gal buckets of AFFF for class B

67
Q

Class A Foam mechanism of action

A

It attracts carbon
It decreases surface tension of water
Raises moisture content of wood up to 50%
Absorbs 3x the BTUs compared to water alone

68
Q

Class B Foam Mechanism of action

A

Repels carbon
Forms a film that hovers over a spill
Prevents vapor production and ignition

69
Q

Eductor rates for Class A foam

A

Initial attack: 0.5%
Overhaul: 0.2%
Exposure protection: 1.0%
Wildland pre-treating: 0.1-0.2%

70
Q

3-2-1 rule for foam

A

When flowing 1 3/4” handline using a portable eductor

  • No more than 300’ of hose past the eductor
  • 200 PSI to the eductor inlet
  • Utilizing 100 PSI nozzle
71
Q

Application rates for novacool

A

Fire attack: 0.4%

Overhaul and brush fires: 0.1%

72
Q

Iowa Formula

A

GPM = ft3 involved / 100

73
Q

Needed Fire Flow (NFF)

A

NFF = LxW/3 x % of involvement

74
Q

Total water needed

A

Area x FLD x BTU ÷ 9,343

75
Q

Properties of water #1

A

Fluid pressure is perpendicular to
any surface on which it acts.
(

76
Q

Properties of water #2

A

When a fluid is at rest, fluid pressure
is the same in all directions.
(testing fire hose)

77
Q

Properties of water #3

A

When there is an increase in
pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there
is equal increase at every other point in the
container. (This is known as Pascal’s Law)
(This principle is important in firefighting hydraulic systems acts as a whole)

78
Q

Properties of water #4

A

The downward pressure of a
liquid in an open vessel is proportional to its
depth.
(pressure at standpipe floor 5 would be higher than fl 3 to overcome head pressure)

79
Q

Properties of water #5

A

The downward pressure of a liquid
in an open vessel is proportional to the liquid
density.

80
Q

Properties of water #6

A

The downward pressure of a liquid
in an open vessel is not affected by the shape of
the container

81
Q

Volume of a Rectangular Container

A

Volume = L x W x H

82
Q

Volume of a Cylindrical Container

A

Volume = .7854 x D² x H

83
Q

Calculating Volume of Hose Lines

A

Volume = .7854 x D2 x L x 12 (same as cylinder calculation)

84
Q

Calculating Gallon Capacity of Containers

A

Gallon Capacity for a Rectangular Container
Gallon capacity = 7.48 x V

85
Q

Calculating Gallon Capacity of Hose

A

Gallon capacity = V ÷ 231 (number of cubic inches in a gallon

86
Q

Weight for a Rectangular Container

A

Weight = (L x W x H) x 62.4 (weight of 1 cubic foot of water)

87
Q

Calculating Weight of a Hose Line

A

Weight = number of gallons x 8.34 lbs (weight of 1 gallon of water)

88
Q

Freemans Formula

A

GPM = 29.7 x D² x √NP (calculates flows for smoothbore discharge nozzels)

89
Q

Nozzle Reaction for Fog Nozzles

A

NR = .0505 x Q x √NP (at straight stream
position)

90
Q

Nozzle Reaction for Smooth Bore Nozzles

A

NR = 1.57 x D² x NP

91
Q

greatest horizontal reach

A

32deg

Important Cards (5 decks)

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