other importnant Flashcards
what is needed before employees are allowed to step from the apparatus
Full Stop
Stop sign / Light
Proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign, but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation
Due Regard
The foregoing provisions shall not relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons, nor shall such provisions protect the driver from the consequences of his or her reckless disregard for the safety of others
Stopping distance at railroad crossings
the driver of such vehicle shall stop within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail of such railroad, and shall not proceed until the crossing can be made safely when
- A clearly visible electric or mechanical signal device gives warning of the immediate approach of a railroad train
- A crossing gate is lowered or when a human flagger gives or continues to give a signal of the approach
- An approaching railroad train or other on-track equipment is plainly visible
True Emergency
A situation in which there is a high
probability of death or serious injury to an
individual(s) or significant property loss and
actions by the emergency vehicle driver may
reduce the seriousness of the situations.
Due Regard
This means that while performing similar
duties and under similar circumstances, a
reasonably careful person would act in the
same manner.
responding to true emergencies
DUE REGARD must be used when
SPECIFIC EXEMPTION is taken while
responding to a TRUE EMERGENCY in
the EMERGENCY MODE.
LODD % of emer deaths
25%
Leading Causes of LODD - MVA
2
Legal; actions against departments
1 cause - MVA
Operator Error Causes
Inattention
Fatigue
Inexperience
Use of Emergency Mode
Use emergency mode only when
responding to a true emergency
DICE
Decision: decide which way you want to
go.
Intent: signal your intention, let others
know what you are about to do.
Check: check your mirrors, lean forward
in your seat to reduce the blind spot.
Execute: make your merge a gradual
one, do not perform maneuvers that
cause excessive swaying of the
apparatus.
BACKING OF APPARATUS
- Never back unless you have to.
- Use a spotter.
- If you back up, do it slowly.
- Back as if you expect to hit
something. - Keep looking back until completely
stopped. - Your ground guide should position
himself/herself at the left rear of the
tanker where eye contact can be
made with the EVO in the mirror. - If you cannot see the spotter- STOP!
- Use Standard Apparatus
Communication
Stop
Forward or Reverse
Left or Right
Diminishing Clearance
Approaching Intersections
Use extreme caution when traveling
through intersections.
* Remove foot from accelerator and cover
brake while approaching.
* Reduce speed when approaching
intersection.
* Come to a full & complete stop against a
stop signal, if possible.
* If visibility is blocked or unclear always
stop.
* Make eye contact with other drivers and
pedestrians.
RAILROAD CROSSINGS
Stop at uncontrolled crossings, look
and listen
Don’t shift gears on tracks
If you are stuck, ditch the rig
Know the length of your EV and don’t
try to ‘beat’ a train
PHYSICAL FORCES THAT IMPACT
VEHICLE OPERATIONS
- Speed (Acceleration)
- Force/Momentum
- Friction
- Centripetal Force
FORCE AND ACCELERATION (SPEED)
Force = Mass x Acceleration (F=MA)
* ‘The bigger you are, the harder you
hit.’
* ‘The faster you go, the harder you hit.’
FRICTION
- It would be impossible to control a
vehicle without friction. - Friction enables the Emergency
Vehicle to stop, accelerate, and
change direction. - Friction is the resistance to slipping.
- Friction occurs whenever two
surfaces rub together.
Dry Asphalt - COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
value of 0.8 to 0.9
Wet or Icy Asphalt - COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
drop to 0.2 or 0.3
Braking Distance
How far the vehicle
travels from the brakes starting to slow the
vehicle and the vehicle coming to a complete
stop.
Perception Distance
How far the vehicle
travels when the need to brake occurs and
the driver recognizes that need.
Reaction Distance
How far the vehicle
travels as the driver reacts and applies the
brake.
Brake Lag Distance
How far the vehicle
travels from the time the brakes are applied
and the vehicle begins to slow down.
Terminal Velocity
If you were faced with a 6% grade that went
for a total distance of 6 miles and if you did
not use any braking action during your
decent.
With a vehicle with a GVW (gross vehicle
weight) of 38,000 pounds your speed would
climb to 238 mph
SNUB braking
This method works by allowing the vehicle to
speed up to the desired or posted safe
speed then applying the brakes and slowing
the vehicle down 5 to 10 mph below the
posted speed.
Then allowing the speed to pick up and the
process is repeated. By applying the brakes
in this method there is time to allow the
brakes and the brake drums to cool to help
control heat buildup as well as to reduce the
chance of brake fade.
FOUR SECOND RULE
Four Second Rule - Keep a separation of at
least four seconds between the EV and the
vehicle being followed.
First-Arriving Engine
First-Arriving Engineer goes straight to the hydrant closest to
the FDC connection and establishes a water supply.
– Your tactical decision of whether or not to Tandem Pump will be
based, in part, off of your incoming pressure
from the hydrant.
* < 100 PSI hydrant pressure = Tandem
First-Arriving Engineer
The intake pressure from the hydrant and the total number of floors
of the building, will determine the need for a Tandem Pumping
operation.
No NEED for tandem
position and get supply
Need for tandem
2nd arriving will position to supply the FDC and the 1st
arriving will supply them.
Second-Arriving Engine
– Position and prepare to supply the FDC
– Communicate with the First-Arriving Engine for hose connections and pressure
needs
– Overcoming elevation pressure in a high-rise will
likely require 2 engines (in Tandem). If it is
determined that a Tandem operation is not
needed, the second-arriving engine crew
will stay together for another assignment
– First-Arriving Engineer should notify the
Second as quickly as possible to the needs for
a Tandem operation or not
Fire pump pressure
PDP will be 10 PSI below the rating of that pump (referred to as building
pressure/pressure marked on the placard).
Fire Pump proceedures
– There is no need to supply the full “building pressure” if the fire pump
can handle the pressure and volume needs. Pumping 10 PSI below,
will allow the fire pump to do what it’s designed to do.
– But be PREPARED to throttle up to that “building pressure”
in case the building fire pump fails or is unable to keep up with
the volume demand.
– *Notify Incident Command immediately if your pumper takes
over/supplements the building pressure/volume needs.
Fire pump pverheating
You must take steps to prevent your pump from
overheating
Lane Terminology
Lanes are numbered from the outside lane (lane adjacent to the shoulder - Lane 1)
sequentially to the inside lane (lane adjacent to the median).
Temporary Traffic Control Zone (TTCZ)
The area where temporary traffic controls are established to create a safe and effective
work area in which we can render aid to victims, provide access to transport and tow
vehicles, and efficiently divert traffic around the scene. Specifically, the TTCZ includes the
following: the taper and advanced warning area, the work area and the termination zone.
Advance Warning
Notification procedures that advise approaching motorists to transition from normal driving
status to that required by the temporary emergency traffic control measures ahead of them.
This is primarily in the form of blocking apparatus but can also include other early warning
devices such as cones or flares.
Block
Positioning a fire department apparatus at an angle to the lanes of traffic, or parallel to the
lanes of traffic creating a physical barrier between upstream and lateral vehicle traffic.
Physical barriers can be established parallel (or lateral) to the work area
Taper
The action of merging several lanes of moving traffic on the upstream side of the incident
into fewer moving lanes. This is accomplished by emergency vehicles (fire, police, and/or
DOT) and cone placement.
Striping Cones
Cones that extend from the taper cones along the lane striping to extend the temporary
traffic control zone to its termination. Striping cones can be used with some discretion and
may not be needed along the lateral side of the incident if using a lateral blocking
apparatus. However, cones may still be needed from the lateral blocking apparatus to the
termination zone. Caution: cones will not stop any vehicle from entering Temporary Traffic
Control Zone
Block to the Left
Placement of the tailboard on the upstream side with front bumper to the left, downstream
side, typically at a 45-degree angle across two (2) lanes (lane plus one
Block to the Right
Placement of the tailboard on the upstream side with the front bumper to the right,
downstream side, typically at a 45-degree angle across two (2) lanes
Block Laterally
Placement of apparatus parallel to one (1) side of a work zone accident, typically in normal
travel lane
Safety Benchmarks
When possible, angle the apparatus at 45-degrees away from the shoulder/curbside
and create protection from upstream traffic as a first priority. Next, park apparatus
along the lateral side of the incident to protect from traffic being directed into the
scene due to secondary collisions. This will direct motorists around the scene while
protecting the work zone. Apparatus positioning must also allow space for other
incoming fire apparatus, aid cars, medics, and tow vehicles. Apparatus must also
provide enough protection space in the event of a vehicle colliding with a blocking
apparatus.
Response Protocol
Members should don their protective ensemble and their traffic safety vest prior to all
responses on roadways. During fires, visibility is obscured for many different reasons
requiring increased vigilance by all members on scene.
* Safety vests are optional during firefighting operations and should only be worn if fire
retardant.
* Safety vests should not be worn if they could become an entanglement hazard
blovking for fire incident
- If firefighting operations are anticipated to be conducted on LARs, every opportunity
should be taken to position the apparatus as to provide the maximum protection for
the engineer operating at the pump panel. This may include positioning the front of
apparatus opposite from the direction traffic is being diverted and extend the overall
distance of the blocking apparatus from the work zone.
Blocking wheel placement
Drivers should turn the front wheels away from the firefighters.
Middle Lane blocking
If the motor vehicle accident is located in the middle lanes, it shall be the policy of
Zone 3 Fire Departments to strongly consider a 3rd fire apparatus to block at 45
degrees on the upstream side of the incident to divert traffic across multiple lanes
(see Figure 4). With two (2) apparatus at 45-degrees and one (1) apparatus lateral,
traffic will be traveling around one side of the incident only and keeping a safe TTCZ
for all personnel in and around the work zone.
ONspot chains
between 2 - 25mph
snow up to 4’ deep or icey roads
Abandon structure
Apparatus Operators that are with their vehicle at the incident shall activate the air horn for
five seconds followed by a five second pause, then repeat two more times.
5-5-3
Competency statement for Engineer
Arithmetic
Mathematics and Hydraulics
Acquiring and Interpreting Information
Applies and Maintains Apparatus, Tools, Technology and Equipment
Decision Making/Reasoning
Effective Communication
Integrity, Honesty and Ethics
Problem Solving
Responsibility and Commitment
Safety
Self-Management
Teamwork (Participation)
Vehicle Fires
Places engine safely, considering flow of flammable liquids, away from bumper
explosion when vehicle is on fire whenever possible.
* Keeps engine approximately 75 to 100 feet from vehicle on fire.
