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Biology 20 > Pulmonology > Flashcards

Pulmonology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

Cartilage

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2
Q

What are the bronchioles made of?

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

Lipoprotein

A

Prevents alveoli membrane from sticking together

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4
Q

What is the diaphragm made of?

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

What muscle allows ribcages to move during inhalation?

A

external and internal intercostal muscles

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6
Q

What regulates breathing?

A

medulla oblongata

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7
Q

What is normal breathing rhythm?

A

12-20 times per minute

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8
Q

Two chemoreceptors

A

central chemoreceptor in medulla

peripheral chemoreceptor in aortic and carotid bodies

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9
Q

Central chemoreceptor

A
  • responds only to changes in arterial CO2 levels

- most sensitive receptor and main regulator of breathing

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10
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptor

A
  • monitors low energy levels of oxygen, and high blood acidity (resulting from high CO2 levels)
  • only responds when O2 levels drop, but CO2 levels remain normal
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11
Q

What three ways is CO2 waste carried?

A
  1. small amount dissolved in water of plasma (9%)
  2. some attaches to hemoglobin (27%)
  3. greatest amount reacts with water to produce bicarbonate ions in plasma (64%)
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12
Q

CO2 bicarbonate ion and blood acidity explanation

A
  • the CO2 mixes with water to become H2CO3
  • this reaction is sped up with carbonic anhydrase
  • H2CO3 is unstable and dissociates quickly
  • splits into bicarbonate and hydrogen, which diffuse out of RBC to plasma
  • **if you overproduce carbon dioxide, you, through this reaction, overproduce hydrogen, which is acidic and raises your blood pH, which is bad.
  • **most CO2 is carried in the bicarbonate ion, obvi.
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13
Q

What buffers the acidity of the blood from CO2?

A

hemoglobin mixes with the hydrogen, releasing Oxygen, ultimately buffering it.

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14
Q

What happens to the bicarbonate, reduced hemoglobin, and CO2 at the lungs?

A

the oxygen previously diffused into the plasma dislodges the hydrogen from the hemoglobin, and the hydrogen and bicarbonate become water (vapour) and CO2!

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15
Q

Hypoxia

A

blood with oxygen levels below 50%

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16
Q

Pleurisy

A

fluid in lungs, and inflammation of pleural membrane

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17
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

genetic. Overproduction of thick mucus in alveoli

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18
Q

Pneumonia

A

often caused by an infection, the alveoli fill with thick fluid, making gas exchange difficult.

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19
Q

Bronchitis

A

airways are inflamed due to infection (acute) or due to an irritant (chronic). Coughing brings up mucus.

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20
Q

Asthma

A

airways are inflamed due to irritation, and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasms.

21
Q

emphysema

A

alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces. Surface area for gas exchange is reduced. Over production of mucus. From chronic smoking.

22
Q

Strep throat

A

infection making throat feel soar and scratchy

23
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larnyx t hat results in a raspy voice

24
Q

cold

A

infection of nose and throat

25
Q

sinus infection

A

inflammation/swelling of tissue lining sinuses, when blocked with fluid (mucus) cam cause infection

26
Q

tonsilitis

A

infection of the tonsils, which are located in the pharynx.

27
Q

Process of inhalation

A
  1. external rib muscles and diaphragm contract
  2. rib cage moves up and out and floor of chest cavity moves downward
  3. volume of thoracic cavity increases
    4 air pressure in thoracic cavity decreases
  4. air moves into the lungs because pressure in lungs is less than in the environment
28
Q

Process of exhalation

A
  1. diaphragm and rib muscles relax
  2. volume is reduced in thoracic cavity
  3. volume of lungs decreases, pressure in lungs increases
  4. air moves from lungs to the lower pressure environment outside of the body.
29
Q

Pneumothorax

A

a total lung collapse

30
Q

What causes lung collapse

A

Air in the pleural space pushing against lungs

31
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air breathed in and out during a normal breath

32
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

how much air you can breath in during a deep breath

33
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

how much air you can breath out during a deep breath

34
Q

vital capacity

A

total lung capacity (tidal, inspiratory, expiratory)

35
Q

residual volume

A

air left in the alveoli sacs that never gets expelled

36
Q

Typical expiratory reserve

A

1200mL

37
Q

Typical vital capacity

A

4700mL

38
Q

typical tidal volume

A

500mL

39
Q

Alveoli

A

tiny air pocket with walls made of a membrane that is a single cell thick, allowing for exchange of respiratory gases

40
Q

bronchiole

A

passageway that branches from the bronchi into the separate lobes of the lungs; divided into smaller and smaller passageways that carry air into all portions of the lungs

41
Q

bronchus

A

the passageway that branches from the trachea into the lungs with one bronchus carrying air into each lung

42
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle layer separating the region of the lungs from the abdominal cavity. Contractions contribute to inspiration by increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

43
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of catilage located over the trachea; closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract

44
Q

glottis

A

the opening of the trachea through which air enters the larnyx

45
Q

larnxy

A

also known as voice box

46
Q

nasal passage

A

passage from the nostrils to the back of the throat through which air enters the body; serves to warm, moisten, and clean incoming air. lined with cilia.

47
Q

Pharynx

A

structure located just behind the mouth that connect mouth and nasal cavity. Also known as throat.

48
Q

pleural membrane

A

double layered membrane that encloses the lungs

49
Q

trachea

A

a tube that carries air from the nasal passages or mouth to the lungs. Also known as windpipe

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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