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Biology 20 > Biosphere and Geological Cycles > Flashcards

Biosphere and Geological Cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

the interaction between the abiotic and biotoc components of the biosphere

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2
Q

Within each ecosystem organisms can organize themselves into…

A

individual –> population –> community –> ecosystem

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3
Q

Ecologist

A

study the biosphere, starting with individual parts up to the whole. Studies how organisms with their biotic and abiotic components and how they interact with eachother

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4
Q

Fossil fuel energy

A

coal, oil, gas

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5
Q

hot core and volcanoes energy

A

massive amounts of energy, but barely harnessed at this time

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6
Q

Moon energy

A

gravitational force transferred to tides, harnessed in some areas of the world

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7
Q

Water energy

A

use the hydropower stations for much of our electricity in the world

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8
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy and heat can never be created or destroyed, only change forms

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9
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy converted to heat is always lost as entropy

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10
Q

Is energy a cycle?

A

No bro

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11
Q

Energy can be followed with these three methods

A
  1. Food chains
  2. Food webs
  3. Pyramids
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12
Q

Food chain

A

linear organization that shows the movement of energy from the producer through the various levels of consumers. No omnivores.

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13
Q

Autotroph

A

Makes own food

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14
Q

What percent of energy is used to make ATP?

A

54%. The rest is heat entropy

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15
Q

Trophic level

A

How many energy transfers you are from the producer From sun to producer counts as energy transfer

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16
Q

Order of consumers

A

Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer, saprovore/decomposer. Begin counting from animal that eats producer

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17
Q

Rule of 10

A

Only ten percent of energy from an organism is given to its consumer. Move decimal place back one, duh.

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18
Q

Types of consumers

A

Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, autotrophs

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19
Q

Food web

A

interconnected food chain

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20
Q

Pyramid of Numbers

A
  • Estimate of populations at each trophic level in a food chain or web
  • No units
  • can be inverted
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21
Q

Pyramid of Biomass

A
  • an estimate of DRY biomass is calculated for each trophic level and a pyramid is made from this
  • has units
  • can be inverted
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22
Q

Pyramid of Energy

A
  • demonstrates the flow of energy, so the trophic level with the greatest amount of energy will always be the producers
  • no inversions
  • has units (kJ)
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23
Q

How much sunlight do photosynthesizing plants capture

A

1-2%

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24
Q

Biologist

A

studies complex BIOTIC only organsism from individual cells to the functioning body

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25
Q

How does temperature affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • affects photosynthesis rate in plants, germination, and flowering
  • affects body temperature which is essential for survival
26
Q

Homeotherm

A

warm blooded. Capable at maintaining its own body temperature

27
Q

Poikilotherm

A

cold blooded. Body temperature dependent on the environment

28
Q

How does moisture affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • most important (precipitation, humidity, moisture content in soil)
29
Q

How does pH affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • all organisms are designed to live within certain pH values
30
Q

What is the pH of rainwater

A

5.4

31
Q

How does wind affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • generates currents in water to bring O2 in and drying agent on land
32
Q

How does Sun exposure affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • affects plant growth, temperature, water movement
33
Q

How does nutrient level affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • as found in soil or dissolved in an aquatic environment
34
Q

How does water turbidity affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • affects penetration of sunlight into water for plants
35
Q

Turbidity

A

if something is very turbid, then it is not very transparent. Kinda the opposite of it, i guess.

36
Q

How does dissolved oxygen affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • determines which aquatic species will be living in an aquatic environment
37
Q

How does dissolved compounds affect an organisms ability to thrive

A
  • can affect survival of species

eg: chlorides, nitrates, phosphates (sewage), or salinity (salt content)

38
Q

Factors affecting ecological pyramids

A
  1. Seasonal changes alter the amount of energy found in pyramid (migration, hibernation)
  2. large scale natural changes in environment (eg: fire)
  3. Human induced disturbances (pollutants, clearing land)
39
Q

Monoculture

A

growth of one single species. Reduces biodiversity in the environment which means the species is more susceptible to disease and extinction.

40
Q

Biomagnification

A

Concentration (of pesticides) as you move higher up the food chain.

41
Q

Lithosphere

A

land area

42
Q

hydrosphere

A

water area

43
Q

atmosphere

A

air (N2=78%, O2=21%, Other=1%)

44
Q

Troposphere

A
  • 80% of atmosphere’s mass (vapour, dust etc)

- convection currents occur here, resulting in weather

45
Q

Stratosphere

A
  • weather here is stable
  • ozone is created here (one way is thru lightning)
  • ozone absorbed UV radiation
46
Q

Mesosphere

A
  • limit of the “true atmosphere”

- temperature at top is -113 degrees C

47
Q

Ionosphere

A
  • absorbs deadly X-rays and gamma rays produced by solar radiation
  • produces the aurora borealis
48
Q

Magnetosphere

A
  • contains magnetic bands caused by the earths magnetic field
  • trap and/or deflect lethal particles emitted by the Sun or from interstellar space
49
Q

Albedo

A

reflective ability of surface

50
Q

Cycles you should know

A

Hydrological, Carbon and Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen. K memorize them bro

51
Q

What is the universal solvent

A

water

52
Q

Adhesion vs Cohesion

A

Adhesion is the ability to stick to something else, while cohesion is the ability to stick together

53
Q

When is water densest

A

4 degrees C. Important for water temperature

54
Q

Eutrophication

A

Growth of algae blooms

55
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

turning the triple bonded nitrogen to a useable state.

56
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

bacteria that performs nitrogen fixation

57
Q

Ammonification

A

The process of nitrifying bacteria in soil to turn N2 into a useable state

58
Q

Denitrification

A

turning nitrite or nitrite back to N2

59
Q

What form of N do plants use?

A

Nitrate

60
Q

carbon sink

A

a reservoir that holds more carbon than it releases, thereby lowering the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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