Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics Board ⭐️ > Pulmonology > Flashcards

Pulmonology Flashcards

1
Q

Newborn with inspiratory stridor and noisy breathing; stridor improves in the prone position with head elevated and worsens in the supine position

A

Laryngomalacia (usually benign, self-limiting and improves as the child reaches age 1–2years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the treatment for laryngomalacia?

A

Reassurance (careful observation and growth monitoring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Newborn with a hoarse voice, weak cry, and biphasic stridor that is louder when awake. Improves when positioned to be lying down on one side

A

Unilateral vocal cord paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An infant with bulging anterior fontanelle, highpitched biphasic stridor, respiratory distress, and recurrent pneumonia

A

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adolescent male present with shortness of breath, choking sensation within a few minutes after starting track training; there is a voice change during exercise. He was treated for exercise- induced asthma with no improvement in his symptoms. What is the next best step?

A

Vocal cord evaluation. Most likely diagnosis is paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Child with a history of chin hemangioma, worsening inspiratory stridor

A

Subglottic hemangioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Newborn with intermittent cyanosis that disappears when crying but prominent during feeding; nasogastric tube unable to pass through the nostrils

A

Choanal atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

An infant with cyanosis, the mother is mixing the formula with well water; normal cardiac and pulmonary examination, normal pulse oximetry. Chocolate-colored blood noticed when collecting the blood for testing

A

Methemoglobinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Boy with unilateral persistent offensive smelling nasal discharge

A

Nasal foreign body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Recurrent pneumonia and nasal polyps

A

Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Failure to thrive, rectal prolapse, persistent cough

A

Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, reduced male fertility

A

Kartagener syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A 4-year-old boy is suffering from recurrent sinusitis, chronic otitis media; during the neonatal period he had respiratory distress, daily nasal congestion, and wet cough. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Child with no known health problem woke up suddenly coughing blood. What is the most likely cause?

A

Epistaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Child with a 1-day history of low-grade fever, malaise, congestion, and very thick, very green nasal discharge

A

Viral upper respiratory tract infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Child with 2weeks of clear nasal discharge and a cough that is worse at night and while lying down supine. Not responding to nasal allergy medications

A

Acute bacterial sinusitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A 7-year-old with fever, runny nose, throat pain; the pharynx is erythematous and shows white exudate

A

Viral pharyngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A 7-year-old with abrupt onset of fever, headache, stomach pain, mild throat pain; the pharynx is erythematous, with petechiae, no white exudates

A

Strep throat (Streptococcus pyogenes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A 15-month-old boy presents with poor feeding, high fever, thick, purulent profuse nasal discharge, crust and irritation around the nostrils

A

Streptococcal fever or streptococcosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When can a child with streptococcal infection go back to school after taking an antibiotic (become noninfectious)?

A

Next day if improved (typically 24h after the antibiotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Toddler with a barking cough, fever, inspiratory stridor, suprasternal retractions, and neck radiograph is normal

A

Croup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the mainstay treatment of croup?

A

Dexamethasone and racemic epinephrine can be used in moderate/severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A toddler presents with high fever, looks toxic, brassy cough, and stridor. He was sent home on oral antibiotics and ibuprofen, a few hours later he died

A

Bacterial tracheitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A 5-year-old, unimmunized, presents with sudden onset of fever, stridor, drooling and throat pain, leaning forward and crying

A

Epiglottitis

25
Q

Preschool child has been having recurrent attacks of barking cough and croup over the last few nights, and no symptoms of cough in-between the attacks

A

Spasmodic croup or due to GI reflux

26
Q

A 3-month-old with fever, cough, runny nose, tachypnea and retractions. O/E: wheezing, and crackles in both lung fields; pulse oximetry is 92%

A

Acute bronchiolitis

27
Q

What is the first-line treatment for bronchiolitis?

A

Nasal suctioning and supportive care

28
Q

A preterm boy with chronic lung disease is receiving palivizumab prophylaxis, recovered from RSV bronchiolitis a few days ago. Can he take his next due dose of palivizumab?

A

No (discontinue palivizumab for the season)

29
Q

A 1-month-old infant who was born at 35weeks during winter has been having nasal congestion for the last 2days; stopped breathing for a few seconds and turned blue, positive RSV

A

Apnea secondary to RSV viral infection

30
Q

A 3-week-old with pneumonia; chest radiograph shows bilateral infiltrates

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

31
Q

Adolescent with fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, tachypnea, and pleural friction rub

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

32
Q

Adolescent had influenza A infection, now is having a very high fever, looks toxic; tachypnea, respiratory distress, and tachycardia; chest radiograph is positive for infiltration, cavities, and pleural effusion

A

Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia

33
Q

A 7-year-old boy has a cough, on and off fever, and headache for 2weeks, on the exam he has diffuse expiratory wheezing and crackles in both lung fields with no retractions or tachypnea. Pulse oximetry is normal. The wheezing is not fully responsive to nebulized albuterol treatment. What is the most likely cause?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

34
Q

What is the most helpful diagnostic test in cases of atypical pneumonia possibly due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from nasal washing for Mycoplasma antigen

35
Q

What is the antibiotic of choice for older children with atypical pneumonia who are ill enough to require hospitalization?

A

Macrolide antibiotic to shorten the course of illness

36
Q

Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, chickens, caves, low-grade fever, cough, hilar lymphadenopathy

A

Histoplasmosis

37
Q

Adolescent living in Arkansas presents with flu-like symptoms; fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and cough; 2weeks later developed hemoptysis, chest pain, shortness of breath, weight loss, extreme fatigue, and skin lesions. Chest radiograph shows a focal mass with well-defined margins about 6cm in size in the right upper lobe and few other focal segmental opacities

A

Blastomycosis

38
Q

Child visited California’s San Joaquin Valley 3weeks ago, now has a fever, chills, cough, weight loss, chest pain, and erythema nodosum. Chest radiograph is normal

A

Coccidioidomycosis

39
Q

What is the most sensitive serologic test in cases with suspected coccidioidomycosis?

A

Coccidioides immunoglobulin M (IgM)

40
Q

History of asthma, recurrent attacks of fever, fatigue, coughing mucus plugs, hemoptysis, eosinophilia, high IgE

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

41
Q

A sore throat with hoarseness; 3weeks later develops pneumonia

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

42
Q

Toddler with a history of choking 2weeks ago; he has had a cough since then, wheezing, diminished breath sounds on the right; normal chest radiograph

A

Foreign body aspiration

43
Q

Chest radiograph views that may help in the diagnosis of cases with suspected foreign body aspiration

A

Inspiratory and expiratory or bilateral decubitus views to see asymmetric hyperinflation on the side with foreign body due to ball-valve effect

44
Q

Child with progressive dyspnea, fatigue, recurrent cough, new-onset hemoptysis; sputum shows hemosiderosis-laden alveolar macrophages, and CBC is consistent with iron deficiency anemia

A

Pulmonary hemosiderosis

45
Q

African-American with shortness of breath, blurring of vision, erythema nodosum, hypercalcemia, elevated ACE level. Chest radiograph shows bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy

A

Sarcoidosis

46
Q

Child with recurrent episodes of left lower lobe pneumonia; chest radiographs demonstrated focal consolidation in the same location in all events; between episodes the child is well, active, and playful

A

Pulmonary sequestration

47
Q

Child with fever, chest pain, and productive cough; chest radiograph shows cyst-like lesion close to the mediastinum

A

Bronchogenic cyst

48
Q

An infant has difficulty with feeding, stridor, recurrent wheezing, history of recurrent pneumonia. Barium esophagography showed posterior compressions. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Vascular ring

49
Q

Asthma >1 night/week, throughout the day, extreme limitation of activity, FEV1:

A

Severe persistent

50
Q

Asthma 3–4 nights/month, daily, some limitation of activity, FEV1 60–80%

A

Moderate persistent

51
Q

Asthma 1–2 nights/month, 3–6days/week, minor limitation of activity, FEV1 >80%

A

Mild persistent

52
Q

Asthma ≤2days/week, 0 nights/month, no limitation of activity, FEV1 >80%

A

Intermittent

53
Q

Step 1 management of intermittent asthma

A

Short-acting beta agonists (SABA) as needed

54
Q

Step 2 management of mild persistent asthma

A

Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)

55
Q

Step 3 management of moderate persistent asthma

A

Medium-dose ICS, and consider short course oral corticosteroids (OCS)

56
Q

Step 4 management of severe persistent asthma

A

Medium-dose ICS + LABA and consider a short course of OCS

57
Q

What is the most effective primary controller treatment for asthma of any severity?

A

ICS

58
Q

A 10-year-old boy has shortness of breath and cough every time he runs or exercises; positive family history of asthma; on physical exam the lung is clear, the pulmonary function test is normal. What is the next best step?

A

Exercise-induced asthma—use albuterol (bronchodilator) inhaler 15min before exercise. Warm up prior to strenuous activity

59
Q

Child with nighttime snoring, enlarged tonsils, and difficulty concentrating in school

A

Obstructive sleep apnea

Pediatrics Board ⭐️ (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions