Pulmonary System

Question 1

Functions of respiratory system

Answer 1

Gas exchange between air and circulating blood
Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs
Protection of respiratory surfaces
Production of sound
Provision for olfactory sensations

Question 2

Thoracic cage

Answer 2

Formed by = 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, coastal cartilage, 12 thoracic vertebrae
Surrounds thoracic cavity and supports pectoral girdle
Provides protection for thoracic and abdominal contents

Question 3

Organization of respiratory system

Answer 3

Upper = nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx 
Lower = larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 4

Pharynx

Answer 4

Supplies air to larynx and trachea
Part of digestive and respiratory systems
Posterior to nasal and oral cavities
Distal border is cricoid cartilage

Question 5

Pharynx divisions

Answer 5

Nasopharynx = respiratory function, posterior extension of nasal cavities, extends to soft palate 
Oropharynx = digestive and respiratory functions, soft palate to epiglottis 
Laryngopharynx = digestive and respiratory functions, lies posterior to larynx, epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

Question 6

Larynx

Answer 6

Complex organ of voice production
Level of C3-C6
Connects pharynx with trachea 
Composed of 9 cartilages
Changes in size/length of cartilages affect vocalization

Question 7

3 cartilages of the larynx

Answer 7

Thyroid cartilage = the largest (Adams apple)
Cricoid cartilage = thickest and strongest, only complete ring of cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage = superior to cricoid, forms cricoarytenoid joint for attachment of vocal ligament

Question 8

Vocalization

Answer 8

Glottis is vocal apparatus of larynx
Rima glottis is aperture between vocal folds (ligament)
Shape of rima varies according to vocalization desired

Question 9

Vocal folds

Answer 9

True vocal cords = vocal fold, controls sound production, consists of vocal ligament and vocalis muscle
False vocal cords = vestibular fold, extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages, protective function

Question 10

Space between true and false vocal cords

Answer 10

Ventricle of larynx

Question 11

Trachea

Answer 11

Fibrocartilagenous tube from larynx to T4/T5
Supported by incomplete cartilagenous tracheal rings
Posterior gap in rings is spammed by smooth muscle
Common carotid arteries and thyroid gland lie laterally
Approximately 2.5cm in diameter in adults

Question 12

Tracheostomy

Answer 12

Incision between tracheal rings with tube inserted to maintain airy way
Infrahyoid muscles retracted laterally and isthmus either divided or retracted superiorly
Opening ,ace between rings 1-2 or 2-4

Question 13

Esophagus

Answer 13

Muscular tube continuous with larogopharynx
Consists of voluntary (upper 1/3) and smooth muscle (lower 1/3) and a mixture in middle 1/3
Travels posterior to trachea and pierces diaphragm to enter stomach

Question 14

Trachea and bronchi

Answer 14

Trachea bifurcates into 2 primary bronchi
Each primary bronchi supported by hyaline cartilage
Each primary bronchi branch to form bronchial tree
Primary bronchi divide into secondary (lobar) bronchi that go to each lobe (2 on left and 3 on right)
Lobar bronchi divide into terminal bronchioles which divides into respiratory bronchioles (cannot see these)

Question 15

Thoracic viscera

Answer 15

2 lateral compartments (pulmonary cavities)(lungs and pleurae)
1 central compartment (mediastinum)(heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus)

Question 16

Pleurae or lungs

Answer 16

Each lung is invested and enclosed within a serous pleural sac
Has 2 continuous membranes = visceral pleura (invests the lungs and cannot be separated from lungs) parietal pleura (lines pulmonary cavities)

Question 17

Lungs

Answer 17

Organs of respiration
Separated from each other by heart, viscera, and great vessels
Attach to heart and trachea by structures that comprise root of lung
Root of lung comprised of all structures that lie within the hilum (space)

Question 18

3 surfaces of the lungs

Answer 18

Coastal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic
Forms base of lung

Question 19

3 borders of the lungs

Answer 19

Anterior = where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly 
Posterior = where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet posteriorly 
Inferior = circumscribes diaphragmatic surface

Question 20

Right lung

Answer 20

Larger and heavier but shorter and wider than left lung
3 lobes = superior, middle, inferior
Superior and inferior lobes separated by oblique fissure
Superior and middle lobes separated by horizontal fissure

Question 21

Left lung

Answer 21

Has deep cardiac notch that indents anterior border of superior lobe
2 lobes = superior, inferior
Lobes separated by oblique fissure

Question 22

Thoracic diaphragm

Answer 22

Main muscle of inspiration
3 apertures through which important structures pass = caval foramen, aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus
When it contracts, the dome moves inferiorly (inhalation) (Boyle’s law, pushes abdominal viscera inferiorly, increases intra-abdominal pressure, decreases intra-thoracic pressure, increases thoracic cavity volume)

Question 23

Mechanisms of breathing

Answer 23

Inhalation = diaphragm and external intercostal muscles 
Forced inhalation (accessor muscles) = sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene, abdominal muscles 
Forced exhalation = abdominal muscles, internal intercostals

Question 24

Alveoli

Answer 24

Final gaseous exchange takes place in alveolar sacs (small hollow spaces ~300 million)
Intimately located next to bronchial capillaries which bring deoxygenated blood from heart via pulmonary arteries

Question 25

Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is efficient due to

Answer 25

Differences in partial pressure 
Small diffusion distance 
Lipid-soluble gases 
Large surface area of all alveoli 
Coordination of blood flow and airflow