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Digetsive System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A 
GI tract 
Mouth 
Pharynx 
Esophagus 
Stomach 
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large intestine
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2
Q

Accessory glands

A 
Teeth 
Tongue 
Salivary glands 
Gallbladder 
Liver 
Pancreas
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3
Q

Digestive activities

A 
6 essential activities 
Ingestion 
Propulsion 
Mechanical digestion 
Chemical digestion (involves secretion)
Absorption 
Defecation
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4
Q

Digestive tract

A

Same general structure from esophagus to anus
4 major tissue layers
Mucosa = innermost layer, secretions, absorption
Submucosa = blood/ nerve supply
Muscularis externa = motility
Serosa = outer CT layer

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5
Q

GI tract sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors = respond to stretch (as food moves through)
Chemoreceptors = respond to osmolarity, pH changes, and digestive substrates and end products (food)
Both initiate reflexes that activate or inhibit digestive glands and stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move lumen contents

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6
Q

Extrinsic/intrinsic controls

A

Extrinsic = from outside digestive tract
Intrinsic = within digestive tract
Both affect motility and secretion of enzymes and hormones

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7
Q

GI tract regulatory mechanisms

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic controls
Short reflexes = enteric nerve plexuses (gut brain) respond to stimuli in GI tract
Hormones = from stomach and small intestine, stimulate target cells in same or different organs
Long reflexes = respond to stimuli inside or outside GI tract (eg - smell or thoughts of food), autonomic control/central nervous system

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8
Q

Four digestive processes

A

Motility
Secretion
Absorption
Digestion

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9
Q

Motility

A

Muscular contractions that mix and move forward the contents of the digestive tract
2 types
Peristalsis = propulsive
Segmentation = mixing movements, promotes digestion of food, facilitates absorption

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10
Q

Secretion

A

Hormones = CCK, gastrin, secretin, affect motility and secretions
Digestive enzymes = mouth, stomach, small intestine
Mucous = mouth, stomach, small intestine

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11
Q

Absorption

A

Villi and microvilli = increases surface area for absorption

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12
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical digestion by chewing

Chemical break-down by enzymes of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

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13
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates

A

Starch = usually 2/3 of carbohydrates
Disaccharides = sucrose, lactose
Monosaccharides = glucose
Complex carbohydrates = fibre
Enzymes = Amylase from salivary glands that act in the mouth and pancreas that act in the small intestine
Small intestine enzymes = from the small intestine, act in the small intestine, lactase, maltase

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14
Q

Complex carbohydrates digestion

A

Humans lack enzymes to digest complex carbohydrates (eg - oligosaccharides, galactosidase)
Fibre moves to large intestine for E.Coli digestion (fermentation, gas production)

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15
Q

Protein digestion

A

50-60g per day needed
Essential amino acids
Enzymes = pepsin (stomach), trypsin/chymotrypsin, carboxypepsidase, aminopeptidase (from pancreas, acts in small intestine)
Dipeptidase (from small intestine)
Many enzymes needed to break the bonds between different amino acids

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16
Q

Fat digestion

A 
Non-polar 
Need emulsifier (bile = made in liver, stored in gallbladder, increases surface area for lipase)
Enzymes = lipase (from pancreas, acts in small intestine)
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17
Q

Fat absorption

A

Lipase acts on emulsified droplets
Get monoglyceride and fatty acids
Can enter absorptive cells or form mice,small
Within cell - forms chylomicron (absorbed into lymph)

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18
Q

Nucleic acids and vitamins

A

Nucleic acids = digested by nuclease (from pancreas, acts in small intestine)
Vitamins = absorbed whole by carriers

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19
Q

Mouth

A

Chewing = increases surface area, decreases choking
Secretion of
Mucous = lubrication
Salivary amylase = starch digestion

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20
Q

Swallowing reflex

A

Triggered by food in pharynx

Contractions coordinated by medulla

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21
Q

Esophagus

A

Long muscular tube
Separated from stomach by gastroesophageal sphincter or valve
Heartburn or acid reflux = faulty valve

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22
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Part of stomach moves into chest
Symptoms = heart burn (increased with age) or asymptomatic
Treat = avoid large food intake and spicy food, surgery may be required

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23
Q

Stomach

A 
Sections = fundus, body, antrum 
Sphincters = gastroesophageal, pyloric 
Rugae = deep folds, allow for expansion
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24
Q

4 functions of the stomach

A

Storage
Mixing
Secretion
Absorption

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25
Storage in stomach
Mostly in body of stomach Can expand 20x 50ml-1L
26
Secretion in stomach
``` Acid = activates pepsin, parietal cells, breaks down connective tissue and muscle, kills pathogens Pepsin = protein digestion, chief cells Mucous = protects wall from acid (stomach wall also protected by tight junctions and high cell replacement) Pepsinogen = inactive form, converted to pepsin by HCl, stomach pH can drop to 2-3 ```
27
Intrinsic factor of stomach
Helps in absorption of B12 in small intestine
28
Mixing and emptying in stomach
Formation of chyme (glop/slop) | Some moves into small intestine, rest is stored
29
Absorption in stomach
Aspirin and alcohol
30
Gastric emptying and mixing as a result of Antral peristaltic contractions
Peristaltic contraction from fundus sweeps towards pyloric sphincter Contraction becomes more vigorous as it reaches thick-muscled antrum Antral peristaltic contraction propels chyme forward Small portion of chyme is pushed through partially opened sphincter into duodenum (strong contraction = more chyme emptied) When peristaltic contraction reaches pyloric sphincter the sphincter is closed Chyme that was being propelled forward hits sphincter and is tossed back into the antrum (mixing is accomplished)
31
Stomach - hormones
Gastrin = increased HCl secretion, increased pepsinogen, increased motility Stimulated by = proteins, distension, smell
32
Gastritis
Inflammation of stomach Irritating agents = aspirin, alcohol, coffee, tabcco Helicobacter gastritis = bacterial cause Symptoms = epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, blood in vomit
33
Peptic (gastric) ulcer
Hole caused by inflammation and necrosis Caused in part by pepsin Helicobacter pylori Stomach and duodenum Symptoms = pain, bleeding (hematemesis or melena) Treatment = reduction of contributory factors, antacids, surgery in severe cases
34
Small intestine
21 feet long 1cm diameter Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Site of digestion, secretion, and absorption Alternate between segmentation and peristalsis
35
Small intestine digestion
Secretions from pancreas and gallbladder dump into duodenum Gallbladder (bile) Pancreas (amylase, trypsin/chymotrypsin, pepsidases, lipase, nucleases, bicarbonate (neutralizer))
36
Pancreatic enzymes, substrates, and action
Act on duodenum Trypsin/chymotrypsin/elastase = proteins, break peptide bonds in proteins to form peptide fragments Carboxypeptidase = proteins, splits off terminal amino acid from carboxyl end of protein Lipase = fats, splits off two fatty acids from triglycerides forming free fatty acids and monoglycerides Amylase = polysaccharides, splits polysaccharides into glucose and maltose Ribonuclease/deoxyribonuclease = nucleic acids, splits nucleic acids into free mononucleotides
37
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
A small bolus of food enters the small intestine and triggers the release of the hormone CCK CCK acts on pancreas and gallbladder to increase release of enzymes and bile CCK is released if duodenum is distended or if fat content in the small intestine increases
38
Gastric inhibition
Distinction of duodenum inhibits gastric emptying | Allows time for digestion and absorption in the small intestine
39
Secretion (hormone)
Released if small intestine is acidic Effects = causes pancreas to release bicarbonate (neutralizes acid), increased bile formation in liver, inhibits gastric motility
40
Motilin
Promotes motility in small intestine
41
Small intestine absorption
Amino acids/sugars = into villi capillaries Fatty acids = into lacteals of lymph vessels then into blood Via carriers Carbohydrates = quickly absorbed, first 1/2 of jejunum, 2-3 hours to empty stomach Fats/proteins = slower to digest, 8-10 hours to empty stomach Fat-soluble vitamins = with micelles Water-soluble vitamins = by carriers, water reabsorbed by osmosis (follows solute, 95%)
42
Electrolyte and water absorption
Along length of small intestine Iron and calcium are absorbed in duodenum Na+ is coupled with absorption of glucose and amino acids Ca++ absorption is regulated by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH)
43
Malabsorption syndrome
Disease of small intestine Small intestine can’t absorb nutrients (fats and minerals) Diarrhea, foul feces Causes = disease of intestinal wall, blocked exocrine ducts Diet therapy = bleeding (decrease in vitamin K), malnutrition
44
Regional enteritis
Disease of small intestine Crohn’s disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Exacerbation/remission Symptoms = anorexia, flatulence, pain, diarrhea/constipation Supportive treatment = low-residue diet, medication, surgery
45
Inguinal hernia
Outpouching of small intestine and peritoneum More common in males Strangulated hernia = parts of small intestine are caught and twisted, cuts off blood supply to organ Treatment = surgical repair
46
Large intestine
``` Ileocecal valve Cecum and appendix Ascending colony Transverse colon Descending colon Rectum Haustral contractions (slow movement) Na+/water reabsorption E. Coli digestion of fibre (incomplete) ```
47
Defecation reflex
Distension of rectum Parasympathetic response (relaxes sphincters, contracts rectal walls) Can override with higher brain centres
48
Daily secretions
``` Food drink = 2L/day Saliva = 1.5L/day Stomach = 2L/day Bile = 0.5L/day Pancreas = 1.5L/day Small intestine = 1.5L/day Total = 9L/day ```
49
Daily absorption
Small intestine = 8.5L/day Large intestine = 400ml/day Remaining feces = 100ml/day
50
Appendicitis
Disease of the colon Inflammation of the appendix Symptoms = abdominal pain (shifts to right lower quadrant), nausea and vomiting, fever, leukocytosis
51
Intestinal obstruction
``` Disease of the colon Blockage in intestine or bowel Tumours Hernias Adhesions Volvulus (twisting) Intussusception (folding) Paralytic obstruction Symptoms = abdominal pain, distension, nausea and vomiting Treatment = nasogastric sectioning, surgery ```
52
Ulcerative colitis
Disease of the colon Chronic inflammation of the colon Symptoms = lower abdominal pain, blood in stools, anemia, diarrhea Treatment = dietary limitations, stress reduction, mild sedatives, anti-inflammatories, surgery
53
Irritable bowel syndrome
Disease of the colon Aka spastic colon Inflammation of the bowel with chronic lesions Symptoms = abdominal pain, altered motility, diarrhea or constipation Causes = spicy foods and seasonings, caffeine, alcohol, stress Treatment = avoidance of causative factors
54
Dysentery
Disease of the colon Acute inflammation of the colon Massive diarrhea with blood pus and mucous Severe abdominal pain Treatment dependant on cause (antibiotics if bacterial)
55
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Diseases of the colon Diverticulosis = condition of diverticula or little out pouches Diverticulitis = outpouches fill with fecal material, become irritated and inflamed Symptoms = lower abdominal pain, cramping Treatment = antibiotics, dietary modification
56
Colon polyps
Disease of the colon Inward projections of mucosal lining Suspicious polyps excited Pre cancerous? Colo-rectal cancer
57
Hemorrhoids
Disease of the rectum Varicose veins in rectum (internal or external) Causes = pressure in anal area, constipation, prolonged standing, pregnancy and childbirth Prevention = good bowel habits (fibre and fluids), exercise, avoid laxatives Treatment = medications, warm sitz baths, manual reduction, cryosurgery, hemorrhoidectomy
58
Pancreas
Exocrine and endocrine functions Duct cells = secrete bicarbonate Acinar cells = secrete enzymes Endocrine cells = secrete insulin and glucagon
59
Pancreas diseases
Pancreatitis = inflammation of pancreas Symptoms = pain radiating to back, nausea and vomiting, foul feces, necrosis, bleeding Alcohol, women over 40
60
Liver
Largest organ Receives blood via hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein (from gut, rich in nutrients) Hepatocytes = liver cells, arranged in sinusoids
61
Liver functions
Not related to digestion Metabolic processing of the major nutrients Detoxifying or degrading body wastes and hormones, drugs, and other foreign compounds Synthesizes plasma proteins Stores glycogen, fats, iron, copper, and vitamins Makes clotting factors Activates vitamin D Removes bacteria and worn-out red blood cells Excretes cholesterol and bilirubin
62
Formation of bile
``` ~900ml/day Cholesterol based Stored in gallbladder between meals Bilirubin (porphyrin rings from Hb) gives bile yellow colour Cholesterol Lecithin Bile salts (important in fat digestion, derived from cholesterol) Water ```
63
Bile salts
Recycled within gut
64
Gallbladder
Stores and concentrates bile | Contracts with CCK
65
Hepatitis
Liver disease Symptoms = jaundice and liver enlargement, myalgia and abdominal pain, clay or light coloured stools, dark coloured urine, malaise, anorexia, fever, ascites Treatment = rest, good nutrition, anti-virals, transplant Prevention = good hygiene, vaccination, special care when handling needles and body fluids Viral hepatitis most common, 5 types = A,B,C,D,E
66
Hepatitis A
``` Aka infectious hepatitis Benign Incubates for 2-6 weeks Oral-fecal spread Contaminated food ```
67
Hepatitis B
Aka serum hepatitis Can lead to chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis Spread by blood, urine, feces, saliva, and semen Incubates 2-6 months
68
Hepatitis C
Spread by blood or sexual contact Persists for months or years Can lead to cirrhosis (~20%) May require transplant
69
Hepatitis D
Delta virus Needs hepatitis B to replicate Spreads like B Leads to chronic disease
70
Hepatitis E
Uncommon in North America Oral-fecal spread Often water contamination
71
Cirrhosis
``` Liver disease Chronic Irreversible Degenerative Alcohol Toxins Disease Loss of normal liver cells No organization Scar tissue Symptoms = nausea, weight loss, weakness, inflammation then degeneration (hobnailed (nodular)), ascites (high abdominal venous pressure, organs swell, bleeding) Treatment = transplant ```
72
Liver cancer
Primary and benign tumours are rare (metastasis) | Discovered late or end stage
73
Gallstones
Gallbladder disease Consists of cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium Can block ducts If small = gravel 5 f’s for risk = female, fair complexion, fat, fertile, forty and over
74
Cholelithiasis
Gallbladder disease Gall stones in gallbladder or bile ducts Symptoms = nausea and vomiting, right upper quadrant pain with fat intake
75
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of gallbladder (eg-blockage) Symptoms = right upper quadrant pain, nausea and vomiting after eating Treatment = surgical excision

Kinesiology (19 decks)

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