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Kinesiology > Endocrine Physiology: Peripheral Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology: Peripheral Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Largest pure endocrine gland
Follicles and areolar connective tissue
Produces 2 hormones = thyroid hormone (requires iodine) and calcitonin
Secretes thyroid hormone (thyroxine, TH, T3, T4) = acts on the cells
Increases metabolism
Increases heat
Major stimulus is being cold

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2
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive thyroxine
Causes include tumour of thyroid gland
Symptoms = tachycardia, nervousness, hyperactivity, weight loss, hunger, hot, exophthalamus (bulgy eyes)

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3
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune condition
Treatment = medication, radiation, surgery

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4
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Low TH
Causes = autoimmune, low TSH, low iodine
Symptoms = cold and lethargic, weight gain, brittle hair and nails, mental sluggishness
Thyroid hormone replacement to treat

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5
Q

Cretinism

A

Low TH in first 2 years of life
Severe mental impairment
Low muscle tone
Sleepiness

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6
Q

Simple goiter

A

Enlargement of thyroid
Can be hypo or hyperthyroidism eg) low iodine or tumour
Asymptomatic until large = leads to dyspnea and dysphagia
Treatment = iodine in diet, surgery to decrease dysphagia (trouble swallowing) and dyspnea (trouble breathing)

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7
Q

Calcitonin

A 
Secreted by thyroid gland 
Released if blood calcium levels are high 
Acts to decrease blood calcium 
Gut = decrease calcium absorption 
Kidney = increase calcium excretion 
Bones = increase calcium absorption
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8
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A 
Secreted by parathyroid gland 
Antagonist to calcitonin 
Released if blood calcium is low 
Acts to increase blood calcium 
Gut = increase calcium absorption 
Kidney = decrease calcium excretion 
Bones = calcium released
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9
Q

Vitamin D

A

Activated by PTH
Stimulates calcium and PO4 3- absorption from intestine
Can be synthesized from cholesterol derivative when exposed to sunlight (via liver and kidney)
Vitamin D deficiency = children-rickets, adults-osteomalacia, decalcification of the bone, muscle weakness, weight loss, bone pain

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10
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A 
Hypercalcemia 
Kidney stones 
Bone weakness 
Hyperactivity of heart 
Treatment = surgery
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11
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A 
Decreased PTH
Low blood calcium 
Irritability of muscles (tetany) 
Uncontrolled contractions in face and hands 
Treatment = vitamin D, calcium
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12
Q

Adrenal hormones

A 
Medulla = epinephrine, longer sympathetic effect, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, increased metabolism 
Cortex = steroids, mineralcorticoids = aldosterone, glucocorticoids = cortisol, androgens
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13
Q

Aldosterone

A

Released if blood volume or sodium is low (or potassium is high)
Acts on renal tubules in kidney = speeds up sodium/potassium pump, increase sodium reabsorption, increase water reabsorption
Also part of the RAAS system = plays a role in blood pressure control

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14
Q

Cortisol

A 
Glucocorticoid 
Plays a role in glucose balance 
Increases blood glucose 
Stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis 
Inhibits glucose uptake by the cells 
Stimulates protein breakdown in muscle 
Facilitates lipolysis 
“Stress hormone” = high blood glucose and fatty acids, plays key role in adaptation to stress
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, can result in sickness if cortisol is high
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15
Q

Androgens

A

Secretes both male and female sex hormones in both sexes
Males produce estrogen
Females produce testosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) = overpowered by testicular testosterone in males, physiologically significant in females = pubic and axillary hair, pubertal growth spurt, female sex drive

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16
Q

Hyperadrenalism

A

Increase adrenal cortex hormones

17
Q

Conns syndrome

A

Increase aldosterone

Increase blood pressure

18
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A 
Increase cortisol 
Hyperglycaemia 
Hyperlipidemia 
Poor immune function 
Weight gain 
Sweating
19
Q

Hypoadrenalism

A 
Addison’s disease 
Decrease adrenal hormones 
Weight loss 
Nausea 
Muscle weakness 
Low blood pressure 
Hormone replacement
20
Q

Androgenital syndrome

A

Adrenal disorder
Increase sex hormones
Symptoms in adult females = hirsutism (hair), deep voice, muscular arms/legs, breasts smaller and menstruation may cease
Newborn females = have male type external genitalia
Prepubertal males = precocious pseudopuberty
Adult males = has no apparent effect

21
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A 
Tumour of adrenal medulla 
Increase epinephrine and norepinephrine 
Ages 30-60 
Symptoms = palpations, increase blood pressure, rapid heart rate, weight loss
Treatment = surgery
22
Q

Pancreas

A 
Exocrine cells (acinar cells, secrete digestive enzymes)
Endocrine cells (pancreatic islets, islets of langerhans, ~1 million)
Alpha cells (15%, glucagon)
Beta cells (80%, insulin)
Delta cells (5%, secretes somatostatin, inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon)
23
Q

Insulin

A 
Released when blood glucose is high 
Causes glucose to move into the cells 
Decreases blood glucose 
Glycogen formation 
Also promotes cellular uptake (fatty acids, amino acids, enhances their conversion triglycerides and proteins)
24
Q

Glucagon

A

Released if blood glucose is low

Acts to increase blood glucose by gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen) and ketogenesis

25
Q

Feeding states

A

Absorptive states = 3-4 hours after eating, insulin is the main controller (move nutrients into cells and storage)
Post absorptive state = 4+ hours after eating, glucagon is the main controller (moves nutrients out of storage and cells)

26
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Insulin hyposecretion
High blood glucose
High glucose in urine exceeds renal maximum
High urine output volume
Symptoms = frequent urination, hunger, thirst
Complications = atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, kidney damage
Type 1 and type 2 and gestational (in pregnancy)

27
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A 
Low insulin 
Aka insulin dependant diabetes 
Aka juvenile diabetes 
Autoimmune disorder
Affects people before age 25 requires daily injections of insulin (diet control, blood monitoring)
28
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A 
Low insulin response 
More common in adults 
Gradual onset (obesity, over age 40)
Decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin 
“Wearing out” of islets of langerhans 
Controlled with diet/exercise 
Insulin secretion
29
Q

Warning signs of type 1 diabetes

A 
Frequent urination 
Excessive thirst 
Extreme hunger 
Weight loss 
Fatigue 
Irritability
30
Q

Warning signs of type 2 diabetes

A

Any of the type 1 symptoms
Frequent infections
Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections
Blurred vision
Cuts and bruises that heal slowly
Numbness or tingling sensations in the hands or feet

31
Q

Characteristics of type 1/2 diabetes: level of insulin secretion

A

Type 1 = none or almost none

Type 2 = may be normal or exceed normal

32
Q

Characteristics of type 1/2 diabetes: typical age of onset

A

Type 1 = childhood

Type 2 = adulthood

33
Q

Characteristics of type 1/2 diabetes: percentage of diabetics

A

Type 1 = 10-20%

Type 2 = 80-90%

34
Q

Characteristics of type 1/2 diabetes: basic defect

A

Type 1 = autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Type 2 = reduced sensitivity of insulin’s target cells

35
Q

Characteristics of type 1/2 diabetes: treatment

A

Type 1 = insulin injections, dietary management, exercise

Type 2 = dietary control and weight reduction, exercise, sometimes oral hypoglycemic drugs

36
Q

Reproductive hormones

A

Gonads = testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

37
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone
Puberty to death
Sperm production
Secondary sex characteristics

38
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogen and progesterone
Cyclic cycle (follicles and corpus luteum)
Effected by FSH and LH

39
Q

Estrogen effects

A 
Menstrual cycle 
Increased fat 
Increased water 
Breasts 
Bone deposition 
Mucous

Kinesiology (19 decks)

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