Pulmonary Screening Flashcards
What are the two most common symptoms associated with pulmonary disorders?
cough and dyspnea
others may include: chest pain, abnormal sputum, hemoptysis, cyanosis, digital clubbing, altered breathing patterns
Productive cough w/ purulent sputum indicates ______. Productive cough w/ nonpurulent sputum indicates _______.
Infection
Airway Irritation
Shortness of breath (SOB) or Dyspnea usually indicates _______.
Hypoxemia
-usually caused by diffuse or extensive pulmonary disease. If dyspnea occurs when lying down it is called orthopnea.
Gasping inspiration with short expiration is called ______. This is typically from midpons lesion or basilar artery infarct.
Apneustic breathing
Irregular pattern of deep and shallow breaths w/ abrupt pauses is called _____. This is caused by disruption of the respiratory rhythm generator in the medulla.
Ataxic or Biot’s breathing
-common from exercise, shock, cerebral hypoxia, heat stroke, spinal meningitis, head injury, brain abscess, or encephalitis.
The most common sites for referred pain from the pulmonary system are _______.
- chest, ribs, upper trapezius, shoulder, thoracic spine.
- pulmonary pain usually increases w/ inspiratory movements such as laughing, coughing, sneezing, etc.
_______ pain is referred to sites in the neck or anterior chest at the same levels as the points of irritation in the air passages.
Tracheobronchial
Sharp, localized pain that is aggravated by any respiratory movement is called _______
pleural irritation
Diaphragmatic pleura receive dual pain innervation from which 2 nerves?
Phrenic and Intercostal
- peripheral portions results in sharp pain along the costal margins.
- central portions results in sharp pain referred to the upper trapezius and ipsilateral shoulder
Acid-Base balance in the body needs to remain between what levels to maintain proper hemostasis for breathing?
7.35 - 7.45
______ refers to a condition of decreased pulmonary ventilation which increases CO2 retention
Respiratory Acidosis
-as hypoxia becomes severe - will see diaphoresis, rapid breathing, restlessness, cyanosis, confusion, decreased ventilation
When there is an increased respiratory rate and depth there will be a decrease in CO2 and H+ creating _______.
Respiratory Alkalosis
- symptoms include hyperventilation, lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope, and numbness in face/fingers/toes
- if this continues, kidneys will excrete H+ or bicarbonate thus adjusting pH called renal compensation.
Obstructive bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma combine to form what condition?
COPD - all will narrow the airways
S/S of mild fever, malaise, back and muscle pain, sore throat, cough w/ sputum, wheezing, possible laryngitis may suggest _______
Acute Bronchitis
S/S of persisten cough w/ sputum production, reduced chest expansion, wheezing, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, decreased exercise tolerance may suggest _______.
Chronic Bronchitis
-eventually the bronchial walls thicken and mucous glands increase
________ is a progressive and chronic pulmonary condition which occurs after infections. There is a vicious cycle of infection and inflammation of the bronchial wall causing lung damage.
Bronchiectasis
-S/S include: chronic wet cough w/ foul secretions, hemoptysis, wheezing, dyspnea, sinusitis, anemia, malaise, fever chills.
_______ is a condition which develops over a long history of chronic bronchitis in which alveolar walls are destroyed leading to increased ventilatory dead space.
Emphysema
-S/S include: SOB, dyspnea, orthopnea, chronic cough, barrel chest, weight loss, malaise, accessory muscles for breathing, wheezing, pursed-lip breathing
Patient’s with this inflammatory respiratory disorder experience episodes of SOB, wheezing, cough, and may say “I’m more out of shape than I thought”
Asthma
-may also experience irregular breathing (prolonged expiration), cough w/ sputum, hunched posture, unusual pallor, fatigue with sports or activity
This condition may result from aspiration, inhalation of harmful chemicals/smoke/dust, or some type of infection. The patient may experience fever, chills, sweats, pleuritic pain, cough w/ sputum, dyspnea, fatigue, tachypnea, general aches, myalgia, and possible shoulder pain.
Pneumonia
Very young/old, smoking, air pollution, recent chest surgery, chronic disease, prolonged immobility, aspiration, immunosuppressive medication are all risk factors for _______.
Pneumonia
Health care workers, older age, overcrowded housing, immigrants, alcohol dependency, under age 5, reduced immunity, RA, DM are all risk factors for ________.
Tuberculosis
S/S of fatigue, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, low-grade fever, night sweats, frequent productive cough, dyspnea, dull chest pain/tightness suggest ________
Tuberculosis
________ is a restrictive lung disease o unknown origin is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of many organs. Skin changes may precede visceral alterations.
Systemic Sclerosis (scleroderma)
-S/S include exertional dyspnea, nonproductive cough, peripheral edema, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hemophtysis
Age over 50, smoking/tobacco use, low fruit/veggie consumption, exposure to air pollution/chemicals, previous lung disease all predispose to ________
Lung Cancer
-lungs contain enormous capillary beds which flow the entire venous circulation making it easy to metastasize. Clinical signs wont’ be seen until it is at advanced stage.
