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Clin Med III > Pulmonary Pathology Part 1 > Flashcards

Pulmonary Pathology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation

A

Process by which air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs and into the alveoli

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2
Q

True or False

Ventilation is inspiration and expiration

A

True

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3
Q

What creates the pressure difference between the trachea and alveoli

A

Contraction of inspiratory muscles (intercostals and diaphragm)

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4
Q

What does contraction of inspiratory muscle do

A

Decreases intrathoracic pressure

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5
Q

What happens to pressure as alveoli expand

A

Decreases

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6
Q

What is perfusion

A

Movement of blood through an area (pulmonary capillaries)

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7
Q

True or False:

Perfusion is gravity dependent

A

True

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8
Q

How much of an alveoli are covered by capillaries

A

70/80%

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9
Q

The right ventricle supplies blood to what

A

The pulmonary artery

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10
Q

The left ventricle supplies blood to what

A

bronchial branch and bronchial tree

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11
Q

What is a V-Q scan

A

Measures the ventilation and perfusion of the body using radioactive gas and dye.

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12
Q

What is the normal average minute ventilation

A

4-6L

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13
Q

What is the normal cardiac output

A

5L

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14
Q

True or False:

V and Q must be matched at the alveolar-capillary level which is optimal at the mid portions of the lung

A

True

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15
Q

True or False:

Diffusion determines a patient;s oxygenation status

A

True

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16
Q

How much O2 is extracted by the cells

A

25%

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17
Q

What does pulse oximetry do (%SpO2)

A

Estimates the arterial saturation of oxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

What could throw off the pulse ox reading (6)

A
  1. Abnormal hemoglobin
  2. Jaundice
  3. Anemia
  4. Low perfusion (diabetes)
  5. Dark skin
  6. Nail polish
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19
Q

What is the SpO2 goal for exercise

A

Greater than 90%

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20
Q

What is the normal pH range

A

7.35-7.45

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21
Q

What is the normal PaCO2 range

A

35-45

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22
Q

What is the normal PaO2 range

A

75-100

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23
Q

What is the normal HCO3 range

A

22-26

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24
Q

What is a pH over 7.45 considered

A

Alkalemia

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25
Q

What is a pH under 7.35 considered

A

Acidemia

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26
Q

What is a PaCO2 below 35

A

Hyperventilation

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27
Q

What is hyperventilation

A

Blowing off excess CO2

28
Q

What is a PaCO2 above 45

A

Hypoventilation

29
Q

What is hypoventilation

A

Retaining CO2

30
Q

What is mild hypoxemia range

A

60-75

31
Q

What is moderate hypoxemia range

A

40-60

32
Q

What is severe hypoxemia range

A

Less than 40

33
Q

What is respiratory acidosis

A

pH is decreased due to retaining CO2 leading to increased H+ ions

34
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis

A

pH is increased due to blowing off CO2 leading to decreased H+ ions

35
Q

What is metabolic acidosis

A

pH is decreased due to increased H+ ions or decreased HCO3-

36
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis

A

pH is increased due to decreased H+ ions or increased HCO3-

37
Q

How does the renal system regulate acidemia

A

Retain HCO3-

38
Q

How does the renal system regulate alkalemia

A

Excrete HCO3-

39
Q

How does the respiratory system regulate acidemia

A

Increase rate and depth of breathing to blow off CO2

40
Q

How does the respiratory system regulate alkalemia

A

Decrease rate and depth of breathing to retain CO2

41
Q

Remember this

A

Respiratory Acidosis= pH decreased and CO2 increased
Respiratory alkaosis= pH increased and CO2 decreased
Metabolic acidosis= pH and HCO3- decreased
Metabolic alkalosis= pH and HCO3- increased

42
Q

Which system is slow (48 hours) but powerful

A

Renal

43
Q

Which system is fast (few hours) but slow

A

Respiratory

44
Q

What happens if the oxyhemoglobin shifts to the left (increased O2 affinity)

A

Increased pH and decreased DPG and temp

45
Q

What happens if the oxyhemoglobin shift to the right (decreased O2 affinity)

A

Decreased pH and increased DPG and temp

46
Q

What are early clinical signs of acidemia (2)

A
  1. Headache

2. Tachypnea (rapid breathing)

47
Q

What are late clinical signs of acidemia (2)

A
  1. Confusion

2. Asterixis (flapping of hands)

48
Q

What are the early clinical signs of alkalemia (1)

A
  1. Dizziness
49
Q

What are the late clinical signs of alkalemia (2)

A
  1. Twithcing

2. Carpopedal spasms

50
Q

What are early clinical signs of hypoxemia (2)

A
  1. Anxious

2. Restless

51
Q

What are late clinical signs of hypoxemia (2)

A
  1. Confused

2. Cyanosis

52
Q

Which way are chest x-rays normally taken

A

PA

53
Q

What is a chest x-ray inspiratory effort

A

Ability to visualize 10-12th ribs (ribs above the diaphragm)

54
Q

What are the ABCDEFs of chest x-rays

A 
A- airways
B- bones
C- cardiomediastinal silhouette
D- diaphragm
E- expanded lungs/everything else
F- foreign objects
55
Q

What is FEV1

A

Air expired in first second

56
Q

Normal FEV1

A

80% vital capacity

57
Q

What is a person with emphysema’s FEV1

A

40%

58
Q

What is normal forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

70%

59
Q

What is FVC

A

Full expiration after full inspiration

60
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Amount inspired with normal breath

61
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount that could be inspired after normal inspiration

62
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount that could be expired after normal expiration

63
Q

What is residual volume

A

What remains at the end of max expiratory effort

64
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

IR, TV, ER, RV

65
Q

What is vital capacity

A

IR, TV, ER

66
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

TV and IR

67
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

ER and RV

Clin Med III (9 decks)

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