Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin Med III > Cardiac Pathology Part 3 > Flashcards

Cardiac Pathology Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease (9)

A
  1. Chest neck and arm pain
  2. Palpitations
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Syncope
  5. Fatigue
  6. Cough
  7. Cyanosis
  8. Peripheral edema
  9. Leg pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the most common coronary artery diseases (CAD) (6)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Atherosclerosis
  3. Angina
  4. Myocardial infarction
  5. CHF
  6. Myocardial disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the risk factors for developing a CAD (8)

A
  1. Family history
  2. Smoking
  3. Hypertension
  4. Diabetes
  5. Dyslipidemia (high cholesterol)
  6. Obesity
  7. Sedentary lifestyle
  8. Older than 70
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What age do men and women start to become more susceptible to getting a CAD

A

Men: 55
Women: 65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does it mean to have low risk of getting a CAD

A

Asymptomatic and no more than one risk factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does it mean to have a moderate risk of getting a CAD

A

Asymptomatic and two or more risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does it mean to have a high risk of getting a CAD

A

Known cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is considered hypertension

A

Systolic BP over 140 and/or diastolic BP over 90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 types of hypertension

A
  1. Primary

2. Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is primary hypertension also called

A

Essential hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is primary hypertension

A

Chronically increased BP which occurs without evidence of other disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is secondary hypertension

A

A result of other disorders such as kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the risk factors for developing hypertension (2)

A
  1. Modifiable

2. Non-modifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for developing hypertension (3)

A
  1. Diet
  2. Obesity
  3. Sedentary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for developint hypertension (4)

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Family history
  4. Race
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is blood pressure regulated by (2)

A
  1. Blood flow

2. Peripheral vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens if the arterioles narrow

A

There is increased resistance and increased contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or False:
Arterioles being narrowed for a long period of time results in them becoming fibrous and thicker further resisting blood flow

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the non-cardiovascular symptoms of hypertension (3)

A
  1. Headache
  2. Flushed face
  3. blurred vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the cardiovascular symptoms of hypertension (8)

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Orthopnea
  3. Chest pain
  4. LE edema
  5. Nausea and vomiting
  6. Drowsy
  7. Confused
  8. Numbness in limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is hypertension diagnosed

A

By at least 2 blood pressure measurements at least 2 weeks apart or 24 hour monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you prevent hypertension (7)

A
  1. Know your BP
  2. Physical activity
    3/ Salt/alcohol limits
  3. Weight control
  4. Modify risk factors
  5. Improve diet
  6. Dash diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the target BP when treating hypertension

A

140/90 or 130/80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you treat hypertension by modifying lifestyle (6)

A
  1. Weight control
  2. Physical activity
  3. Smoking cessation
  4. Decrease saturated fat and cholesterol
  5. Limit alcohol and sodium
  6. Relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you treat hypertension with medication

A

Anti-hypertensives such as diuretic, vasodilators, sympatholytics, ACE inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False:

Hypertension is the most common fatal familial disease in African Americans

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is arteriosclerosis

A

Arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity including atherosclerosis (plaque formation in lumen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What can arteriosclerosis result in (3)

A
  1. CAD
  2. CVD
  3. PVD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors of arteriosclerosis (8))

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Elevated total serum cholesterol level
  3. Hypertension
  4. Obesity
  5. Inactivity
  6. Impaired glucose metabolism
  7. Low HDL
  8. Hormonal status (pre vs. postmenopausal)
30
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors of arteriosclerosis (5)

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Family history
  4. Ethnicity
  5. Infection
31
Q

What are the new predictors of arteriosclerosis (5)

A
  1. Homocysteine levels (high=bad)
  2. C-reactive protein (high=bad)
  3. Fibrogen
  4. Dermatologic indicators (men under 60)
  5. Erectile dysfunction
32
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Injury to the endothelial tissue in vessel walls starts a thrombolytic process and inflammation begins making the walls become sticky

33
Q

What does the vessel walls becoming sticky cause to happen

A

Lipids and WBCs are deposited forming a plaque that occludes the vessel

34
Q

What happens if the plaque breaks off or ruptures

A

Thrombosis or embolism enters the blood stream

35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis (3)

A
  1. Non-symptoms
  2. Angina pectoralis
  3. Sudden death
36
Q

True or False:

Men are more likely to die from atherosclerosis than women

A

True

37
Q

How does atherosclerosis get diagnosed (3)

A
  1. Cardiac catheterization
  2. Echocardiography
  3. Exercise stress test
38
Q

True or False:

There may be no symptoms of atherosclerosis until there is 75% blockage

A

True

39
Q

How is atherosclerosis surgically managed (4)

A
  1. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
  2. Embolectomy/thrombectomy
  3. Endarterectomy
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft
40
Q

What is angina

A

Chest discomfort

41
Q

What causes angina

A

Myocardial ischemia

42
Q

What causes angina

A

Exertion which increases HR, BP, O2 demand, and resistance resulting in ischemia and poor contractibility which worsens the ischemia

43
Q

What are the types of angina (3)

A
  1. Chronic angina
  2. Unstable angina
  3. Variant angina
44
Q

What is another name for chronic angina

A

Stable angina

45
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic angina (5)

A
  1. Predictable pattern
  2. Short duration
  3. Brought on by exertion, eating, stress
  4. Relieved by rest and nitrates
  5. Consistent frequency and symptomology over time
46
Q

What is another name for unstable angina

A

Preinfarction or progressive angina

47
Q

What are the characteristics of unstable angina (4)

A
  1. Unpredictable
  2. Sudden changes in frequency or intensity
  3. Lasts more than 15 minutes
  4. A sign of wrosening ischemia
48
Q

What is another name for variant angina

A

Prinzmetals

49
Q

What are the characteristics of variant angina (4)

A
  1. Occurs in cycles caused by vasospasm of coronary arteries
  2. Usually occurs at rest or at night
  3. Possibly due to endothelial wall hypersensitivity due to acetylcholine
  4. Identify by using Holter monitor for a few days
50
Q

True or False:

Angina is caused by any condition that changes the blood oxygen supply or demand of the myocardium

A

True

51
Q

True or False:

90% of all cases of angina are the result of CAD

A

True

52
Q

What are the triggers of angina (8)

A
  1. Physical exertion/exercise
  2. Psychologic/emotional stress
  3. Vasoconstriction
  4. Alcohol
  5. Heavy metals
  6. Extreme temperatures
  7. Smoking
  8. Poor glucose regulation
53
Q

What is angina in a formula sense

A

Cardiac workload does not equal the O2 supply

54
Q

What is a myocardial infarction

A

Ischemia secondary to necrosis of the myocardium

55
Q

What are the risk factors of an MI (6)

A
  1. Same as CVD and angina
  2. Smokers
  3. Often due to thrombus
  4. Early morning
  5. Seasonal in all ages, genders, and geographic regions
  6. Diabetics
56
Q

What occurs in an MI

A

A coronary artery becomes blocked

57
Q

What is the most common chamber affected by an MI

A

Left ventricle

58
Q

Why is the left ventricle the most common chamber affected by an MI

A

It has blood supply from both the right and the left coronary arteries

59
Q

What are the 3 zones of an MI

A
  1. Zone of infarction
  2. Zone of hypoxic injury
  3. Zone of ischemia
60
Q

What is the zone of infarct

A

Complete O2 deprivation causes cellular death and tissue necrosis which scars in 6-8 weeks

61
Q

How does the body compensate for the cellular death in the heart

A

Myocardial cells enlarge

62
Q

What is the zone of hypoxic injury

A

Surround the zone of infarction that may return to normal or become necrotic

63
Q

What is the zone of ischemia

A

Surrounds the zone of hypoxic injury and damage is reversible

64
Q

What are the intial, 3 week, and several months to 1 year recovery after an MI

A

Initial: dead muscle is replaced by scar tissue
3 weeks: Nonfunctional either function or die
Several months to 1 year: Scar tissue contracts and dissolves resulting in the fibrous zone becoming smaller and the heart may enlarge

65
Q

What are the typical signs and symptoms of MI (5)

A
  1. Sudden pressure and variable patterns of referred pain
  2. Constant pain 30 minutes to several hours
  3. Pallor and SOB
  4. Diaphoresis
  5. Peripheral vasoconstriction (cool clammy skin)
66
Q

What are common complaints in women with an MI (2)

A
  1. SOB

2. Unexplained fatigue

67
Q

What are the atypical signs and symptoms of MI (4)

A
  1. Discomfort/pain in other areas than anterior chest
  2. Nausea
  3. Unexplained anxiety
  4. Heartburn not altered by antacids
68
Q

Who are most likely common to have silent attack MIs

A

Non-whites over 75 years old with diabetes and fever

69
Q

How do you diagnosis an MI (4)

A
  1. History
  2. EKG
  3. Cardiac enzymes
  4. Echocardiography
70
Q

How do you treat an MI (4)

A
  1. Risk factor modification
  2. Reestablish O2 in blood supply
  3. Medications (thrombolytics)
  4. Surgical intervention
71
Q

What have a negative impact on myocardial infarction prognosis (5)

A
  1. Over 80 years old
  2. Cardiovascular or respiratory comorbidities
  3. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
  4. Anterior location of MI
  5. Hypotension
72
Q

What puts you at an increased risk for re-infarction (3)

A
  1. Women
  2. High BP
  3. elevated serum cholesterol

Clin Med III (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions