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Clin Med III > Cardiac Pathology Part 3 > Flashcards

Cardiac Pathology Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease (9)

A
  1. Chest neck and arm pain
  2. Palpitations
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Syncope
  5. Fatigue
  6. Cough
  7. Cyanosis
  8. Peripheral edema
  9. Leg pain
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2
Q

What are the most common coronary artery diseases (CAD) (6)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Atherosclerosis
  3. Angina
  4. Myocardial infarction
  5. CHF
  6. Myocardial disease
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3
Q

What are the risk factors for developing a CAD (8)

A
  1. Family history
  2. Smoking
  3. Hypertension
  4. Diabetes
  5. Dyslipidemia (high cholesterol)
  6. Obesity
  7. Sedentary lifestyle
  8. Older than 70
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4
Q

What age do men and women start to become more susceptible to getting a CAD

A

Men: 55
Women: 65

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5
Q

What does it mean to have low risk of getting a CAD

A

Asymptomatic and no more than one risk factor

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6
Q

What does it mean to have a moderate risk of getting a CAD

A

Asymptomatic and two or more risk factors

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7
Q

What does it mean to have a high risk of getting a CAD

A

Known cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease

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8
Q

What is considered hypertension

A

Systolic BP over 140 and/or diastolic BP over 90

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of hypertension

A
  1. Primary

2. Secondary

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10
Q

What is primary hypertension also called

A

Essential hypertension

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11
Q

What is primary hypertension

A

Chronically increased BP which occurs without evidence of other disease

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12
Q

What is secondary hypertension

A

A result of other disorders such as kidney disease

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for developing hypertension (2)

A
  1. Modifiable

2. Non-modifiable

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14
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for developing hypertension (3)

A
  1. Diet
  2. Obesity
  3. Sedentary
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15
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for developint hypertension (4)

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Family history
  4. Race
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16
Q

What is blood pressure regulated by (2)

A
  1. Blood flow

2. Peripheral vascular resistance

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17
Q

What happens if the arterioles narrow

A

There is increased resistance and increased contraction

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18
Q

True or False:
Arterioles being narrowed for a long period of time results in them becoming fibrous and thicker further resisting blood flow

A

True

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19
Q

What are the non-cardiovascular symptoms of hypertension (3)

A
  1. Headache
  2. Flushed face
  3. blurred vision
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20
Q

What are the cardiovascular symptoms of hypertension (8)

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Orthopnea
  3. Chest pain
  4. LE edema
  5. Nausea and vomiting
  6. Drowsy
  7. Confused
  8. Numbness in limbs
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21
Q

How is hypertension diagnosed

A

By at least 2 blood pressure measurements at least 2 weeks apart or 24 hour monitoring

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22
Q

How do you prevent hypertension (7)

A
  1. Know your BP
  2. Physical activity
    3/ Salt/alcohol limits
  3. Weight control
  4. Modify risk factors
  5. Improve diet
  6. Dash diet
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23
Q

What is the target BP when treating hypertension

A

140/90 or 130/80

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24
Q

How do you treat hypertension by modifying lifestyle (6)

A
  1. Weight control
  2. Physical activity
  3. Smoking cessation
  4. Decrease saturated fat and cholesterol
  5. Limit alcohol and sodium
  6. Relaxation
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25
How do you treat hypertension with medication
Anti-hypertensives such as diuretic, vasodilators, sympatholytics, ACE inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers
26
True or False: | Hypertension is the most common fatal familial disease in African Americans
True
27
What is arteriosclerosis
Arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity including atherosclerosis (plaque formation in lumen)
28
What can arteriosclerosis result in (3)
1. CAD 2. CVD 3. PVD
29
What are the modifiable risk factors of arteriosclerosis (8))
1. Smoking 2. Elevated total serum cholesterol level 3. Hypertension 4. Obesity 5. Inactivity 6. Impaired glucose metabolism 7. Low HDL 8. Hormonal status (pre vs. postmenopausal)
30
What are the non-modifiable risk factors of arteriosclerosis (5)
1. Age 2. Gender 3. Family history 4. Ethnicity 5. Infection
31
What are the new predictors of arteriosclerosis (5)
1. Homocysteine levels (high=bad) 2. C-reactive protein (high=bad) 3. Fibrogen 4. Dermatologic indicators (men under 60) 5. Erectile dysfunction
32
What is atherosclerosis
Injury to the endothelial tissue in vessel walls starts a thrombolytic process and inflammation begins making the walls become sticky
33
What does the vessel walls becoming sticky cause to happen
Lipids and WBCs are deposited forming a plaque that occludes the vessel
34
What happens if the plaque breaks off or ruptures
Thrombosis or embolism enters the blood stream
35
What are the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis (3)
1. Non-symptoms 2. Angina pectoralis 3. Sudden death
36
True or False: | Men are more likely to die from atherosclerosis than women
True
37
How does atherosclerosis get diagnosed (3)
1. Cardiac catheterization 2. Echocardiography 3. Exercise stress test
38
True or False: | There may be no symptoms of atherosclerosis until there is 75% blockage
True
39
How is atherosclerosis surgically managed (4)
1. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty 2. Embolectomy/thrombectomy 3. Endarterectomy 4. Coronary artery bypass graft
40
What is angina
Chest discomfort
41
What causes angina
Myocardial ischemia
42
What causes angina
Exertion which increases HR, BP, O2 demand, and resistance resulting in ischemia and poor contractibility which worsens the ischemia
43
What are the types of angina (3)
1. Chronic angina 2. Unstable angina 3. Variant angina
44
What is another name for chronic angina
Stable angina
45
What are the characteristics of chronic angina (5)
1. Predictable pattern 2. Short duration 3. Brought on by exertion, eating, stress 4. Relieved by rest and nitrates 5. Consistent frequency and symptomology over time
46
What is another name for unstable angina
Preinfarction or progressive angina
47
What are the characteristics of unstable angina (4)
1. Unpredictable 2. Sudden changes in frequency or intensity 3. Lasts more than 15 minutes 4. A sign of wrosening ischemia
48
What is another name for variant angina
Prinzmetals
49
What are the characteristics of variant angina (4)
1. Occurs in cycles caused by vasospasm of coronary arteries 2. Usually occurs at rest or at night 3. Possibly due to endothelial wall hypersensitivity due to acetylcholine 4. Identify by using Holter monitor for a few days
50
True or False: | Angina is caused by any condition that changes the blood oxygen supply or demand of the myocardium
True
51
True or False: | 90% of all cases of angina are the result of CAD
True
52
What are the triggers of angina (8)
1. Physical exertion/exercise 2. Psychologic/emotional stress 3. Vasoconstriction 4. Alcohol 5. Heavy metals 6. Extreme temperatures 7. Smoking 8. Poor glucose regulation
53
What is angina in a formula sense
Cardiac workload does not equal the O2 supply
54
What is a myocardial infarction
Ischemia secondary to necrosis of the myocardium
55
What are the risk factors of an MI (6)
1. Same as CVD and angina 2. Smokers 3. Often due to thrombus 4. Early morning 5. Seasonal in all ages, genders, and geographic regions 6. Diabetics
56
What occurs in an MI
A coronary artery becomes blocked
57
What is the most common chamber affected by an MI
Left ventricle
58
Why is the left ventricle the most common chamber affected by an MI
It has blood supply from both the right and the left coronary arteries
59
What are the 3 zones of an MI
1. Zone of infarction 2. Zone of hypoxic injury 3. Zone of ischemia
60
What is the zone of infarct
Complete O2 deprivation causes cellular death and tissue necrosis which scars in 6-8 weeks
61
How does the body compensate for the cellular death in the heart
Myocardial cells enlarge
62
What is the zone of hypoxic injury
Surround the zone of infarction that may return to normal or become necrotic
63
What is the zone of ischemia
Surrounds the zone of hypoxic injury and damage is reversible
64
What are the intial, 3 week, and several months to 1 year recovery after an MI
Initial: dead muscle is replaced by scar tissue 3 weeks: Nonfunctional either function or die Several months to 1 year: Scar tissue contracts and dissolves resulting in the fibrous zone becoming smaller and the heart may enlarge
65
What are the typical signs and symptoms of MI (5)
1. Sudden pressure and variable patterns of referred pain 2. Constant pain 30 minutes to several hours 3. Pallor and SOB 4. Diaphoresis 5. Peripheral vasoconstriction (cool clammy skin)
66
What are common complaints in women with an MI (2)
1. SOB | 2. Unexplained fatigue
67
What are the atypical signs and symptoms of MI (4)
1. Discomfort/pain in other areas than anterior chest 2. Nausea 3. Unexplained anxiety 4. Heartburn not altered by antacids
68
Who are most likely common to have silent attack MIs
Non-whites over 75 years old with diabetes and fever
69
How do you diagnosis an MI (4)
1. History 2. EKG 3. Cardiac enzymes 4. Echocardiography
70
How do you treat an MI (4)
1. Risk factor modification 2. Reestablish O2 in blood supply 3. Medications (thrombolytics) 4. Surgical intervention
71
What have a negative impact on myocardial infarction prognosis (5)
1. Over 80 years old 2. Cardiovascular or respiratory comorbidities 3. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus 4. Anterior location of MI 5. Hypotension
72
What puts you at an increased risk for re-infarction (3)
1. Women 2. High BP 3. elevated serum cholesterol

Clin Med III (9 decks)

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