Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin Med III > Cardic Pathology Part 1 > Flashcards

Cardic Pathology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 blood analysis tests

A
  1. CBC
  2. Cardiac enzyme profile
  3. Chemistry profile
  4. Lipid panel
  5. Coagulation profile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the purpose of a CBC

A

Compares to normal values for overall health status by assessing the composition of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the make up of 5 liters of blood

A

3 liters plasma

2 liters cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are looked at with a CBC (3)

A
  1. Leukocytes (WBC)
  2. Erthrocytes (RBC)
  3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can leukocytes indicate

A

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does too few erythrocytes mean

A

Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can thrombocytopenia indicate

A

Drug toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the normal range of WBC

A

4500-11000 cells/mm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do you look at when looking at RBC with a CBC (2)

A
  1. Hematocrit (HCT)

2. Hemoglobin (HgB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the normal hematocrit level for males and females

A

Males: 42-52%

Females 37-47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the normal hemoglobin level for males and females

A

Males: 14-17.4 g/dL
Females: 12-16 g/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the normal range of platelets

A

140,000-400,000 cells/mm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate for males and females

A

Males: 0-17 mm/hr
Females: 1-25 mm/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Fight infection and presence of foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does an increase of white blood cells potentially indicate

A

Presence of inflammation, infection, leukemia, tissue necrosis, trauma, or stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do neutrophils do

A

Defend against bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies and respond to viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do monocytes do

A

Clean up debris (phagocytosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

Attack parasites and play a role in asthma and allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do basophils do

A

Release histamines during allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is reverse isolation

A

Procedures used for immunocompromised patients with decreased WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 3 examples of reverse isolation

A
  1. Having your patient wear a mask in common areas
  2. Disinfect equipment
  3. Good hand washing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on WBC less than 1,000

A

No active aerobic or resistance exercise and wear mask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on WBC between 5,000 and 10,000 with a fever

A

No exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on WBC over 4,800 to 11,000

A

Exercise to patient tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are RBC produced

A

Bone marrow of long bones, ribs, sternum, and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is production of RBC mediated by

A

Amount of O2 in the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If someone is hypoxic what happens to the amount of RBC production

A

It increases (polycythemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is hematocrit

A

Percent of whole blood occupied by RBCs (iron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Measures the oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs (oxyhemoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on hematocrit over 30%

A

Exercise to patient tolerance and resistance exercise as tolerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on hematocrit between 25-30%

A

Light exercise and closely monitor vitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on hematocrit less than 25%

A

No aerobic or resistance exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on hemoglobin above 10 g/dL

A

Exercise to patient tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on hemoglobin between 8-10 g/dL

A

Light exercise and closely monitor vitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on hemoglobin less than 8 g/dL

A

No aerobic or resistance exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do platelets do

A

Initiate clotting to stop damaged blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a high amount of platelets called

A

Thrombocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the cause of thrombocytosis (5)

A
  1. Cardiac arrest
  2. Anemia
  3. RA
  4. TB
  5. Oral contraceptives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a low amount of platelets called

A

Thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the cause of thrombocytopenia (4)

A
  1. Lymphoma/leukemia
  2. Sepsis
  3. Chemo
  4. Medication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on platelet levels between 50,000-150,000

A

Exercise to patient tolerance but not explosive exercises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on platelet levels between 30,000-50,000

A

AROM, cycling with no resistance, walking and monitoring vitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on platelet levels between 20,000-30,000

A

No aerobic or resistance exercise, PROM and possibly AROM allowed

46
Q

How do you modify or hold exercise based on platelet levels less than 20,000

A

ADLs or bed rest and PROM

47
Q

True or False:

For a patient with low platelet levels you should avoid vigorous manual techniques and do NOT perform debridement

A

True

48
Q

What is erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

Rate at which RBCs settle out of unclotted blood in 1 hour

49
Q

What is a high ESR typically due to

A

Inflammation or tissue necrosis

50
Q

How does the inflammation or tissue necrosis increase the ESR

A

Altering blood proteins and creates sticky RBCs that settle to the bottom faster

51
Q

What happens to ESR as a condition gets worse

A

It increases

52
Q

What happens to ESR as a condition gets better

A

It decreases

53
Q

What is a cardiac enzyme profile

A

Blood test that determines the concentration of myocardial proteins

54
Q

What is creatine kinase (CK)

A

Sensitive marker for MI

55
Q

True or False:

Any injury to skeletal muscle can elevate creatine kinase

A

True

56
Q

What is creatine kinase-MB

A

Isoenzyme found specifically in the heart

57
Q

True or False:

Creatine kinase can also be broken down into CK-BB (brain) and CK-MM (muscle)

A

True

58
Q

What is troponin

A

Cardiac enzyme involved in actin myosin interaction

59
Q

What is troponin I

A

Marker for myocardial injury

60
Q

What is troponin T

A

Predictor of cardiovascular mortality

61
Q

What are the purposes of the cardiac enzyme profile (2)

A
  1. Diagnose acute MI

2. Determine the amount of myocardial damage and prognosis after MI

62
Q

True or False:

Enzymes change in a predictable pattern after a cardiac event

A

True

63
Q

When does CK/CK-MB appear in serum, peak, and decrease after an MI

A

Appears in 3-6 hours
Peaks in 18–24 hours
Decreases in 2-3 days

64
Q

When does troponin I appear, peak, and decrease in serum after an MI

A

Appears in 3-6 hours
Peaks in 14-48 hours
Decreases in 7-14 days

65
Q

When does troponin T appear, peak, and decrease in serum after an MI

A

Appears in 3-6 hours
Peaks in 14-48 hours
Decreases in 7-14 days

66
Q

When does myoglobin appear, peak, and decrease in serum after an MI

A

Appears in 0-2 hours
Peaks in 3-5 days
Decreases in 18-24 days

67
Q

What is myoglobin

A

Protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle that binds to oxygen

68
Q

True or False:

A PT may assess patient’s intervention intensity based on degree of cardiac muscle damage

A

True

69
Q

What should a PT monitor when a patient has elevated cardiac enzymes (2)

A
  1. Exercise induced ischemia

2. Heart failure

70
Q

True or False:

Sometimes CK or myoglobin increase due to skeletal muscle damage so using troponin I or T is more specific

A

True

71
Q

What is a chemistry profile

A

Blood test that assesses electrolyte and metabolite concentrations

72
Q

What are electrolytes

A

Charged particles needed for cell function and metabolism

73
Q

What are the 6 key electrolytes

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Chloride
  4. Calcium
  5. Magnesium
  6. Bicarbonate
74
Q

What does sodium do

A

Causes cells to shrink/swell (brain)

75
Q

What does potassium do

A

Neuromuscular function (muscles and hear)

76
Q

What does chloride do

A

With Na+ can affect cell permeability

77
Q

What does calcium do

A

Involved in multiple systems in the body

78
Q

What does magnesium do

A

Involved in multiple systems in the body

79
Q

What does bicarbonate do

A

Involved in acid-base balance

80
Q

What are the important metabolites (6)

A
  1. CO2
  2. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
  3. Creatinine
  4. Albumin
  5. Bilirubin
  6. Glucose
81
Q

What does CO2

A

Affected in metabolic acid-base disturbances

82
Q

What does BUN do

A

Detects renal disorders or hydration levels

83
Q

What does creatinine do

A

Indicator of kidney functioning

84
Q

What does albumin do

A

Indicator of liver function

85
Q

How is bilirubin formed

A

Formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin

86
Q

How is a chemistry profile done

A

5-10 mL of venous blood is collected in a heparinized needle and syringe

87
Q

What is the purpose of a chemistry profile (3)

A
  1. Detect decreased or excess circulating electrolytes or metabilites
  2. Differential diagnosis
  3. Monitors response to therapeutic intervention
88
Q

What can cause hypernaturemia (5)

A
  1. Decrease H2) intake
  2. Increased Na+
  3. Too many IVs
  4. Vomiting
  5. Cushing’s syndrome
89
Q

What are the symptoms of hypernaturemia (6)

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Irritable
  3. Hypotension
  4. Decreased urine output
  5. Seizures
  6. Coma
90
Q

What can cause hyponaturemia (2)

A
  1. Hypovolemia

2. Hypervolemia

91
Q

What could cause the hypovolemia that causes hyponaturemia (3)

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Burns
92
Q

What could cause the hypervolemia that causes hyponaturemia (2)

A
  1. Renal failure

2. IV fluids

93
Q

What are the symptoms of hyponaturemia cause by hypovolemia (6)

A
  1. Headache
  2. Lethargy
  3. Decreased skin turgor
  4. Dry mucous membrane
  5. Orthostatic hypotension
  6. Tachycardia
94
Q

What are the symptoms of hyponaturemia caused by hypervolemia (3)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Pitting edema
95
Q

What is affected with any condition with naturemia

A

Na+

96
Q

What is affect with any condistion with kalemia

A

K+

97
Q

What could cause hypekalemia (3)

A
  1. Renal failure
  2. NSAIDs
  3. Too much IV K+
98
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia (3)

A
  1. Muscle weakness
  2. Parathesias
  3. Bradycardia
99
Q

What could cause hypokalemia (5)

A
  1. Diarrhea/vomiting
  2. Diuretics
  3. Increased steroid use
  4. Malnutrition
  5. ETOH abuse
100
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia (5)

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Hyporeflexia
  3. EKG changes
  4. Dysarrythmias
  5. Hypotension
101
Q

What is affected with any condition with calcemia

A

Ca++

102
Q

What could cause hypercalcemia (2)

A
  1. Excessive intake of Ca++ (antacids TUMS)

2. Increased release (bone cancer)

103
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalemia (3)

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Hyporeflexia
  3. Muscle weakness
104
Q

What could cause hypocalcemia (4)

A
  1. ETOH abuse
  2. Poor diet
  3. Renal failure
  4. Excessive use of laxitives
105
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia (3)

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Muscle spasm/cramps
  3. Seizures
106
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperchloremia (3)

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Lethargy
  3. Hypotension
107
Q

What are the symptoms of hypochloremia (1)

A

Muscle tetany (spasms)

108
Q

What is affected with any condition ending in chloremia

A

Cl-

109
Q

When should dehydration be considered in a patient (3)

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Dry mucous membranes
110
Q

When should over hydration be considered in a patient (4)

A
  1. Pulmoanry edema
  2. Ascites
  3. Peripheral edema
  4. Juvenile diabetes
111
Q

When should protien deficiency be considered in a patient (2)

A
  1. Muscle weakness/atrophy

2. Slow/poor wound healing

112
Q

When should anemia, abnormal bilirubin/creatinine/BUN be considered in a patient (1)

A
  1. Impaired exercise tolerance

Clin Med III (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions