Pulmonary Pathology

Question 1

What is a restrictive dysfunction?

Answer 1

A volume limitation. Characterized by drop in FEV1

Question 2

What is an obstructive disease?

Answer 2

Flow limitation. Change in FVC possible.

Question 3

What does a normal flow volume loop look like?

Answer 3

Upside down ice cream cone.

Question 4

What does a flow volume loop look like in an obstructive disease? Restrictive?

Answer 4

• Scooped appearance

- Flow near normal, but all volumes decreased

Question 5

What is included with COPD?

Answer 5

• Chronic Asthma and bronchitis

- Pulmonary emphysema

Question 6

What s the main cause of COPD?

Answer 6

-SMOKING

Question 7

Symptoms of copd?

Answer 7

• cough
• expectoration of mucus
• wheezing
• dyspnea with exertion

Question 8

COPD Patholgy

Answer 8

• inflammed airways
• increased thick mucus production
• tissue destruction
• bronchospasm

Question 9

Changes in lung function due to COPD

Answer 9

• increased compliance
• increased resistance to airflow
• air trapping
• gas exchange impairments

Question 10

What are the three pathologies that come with COPD?

Answer 10

• Emphysema
• Chronic bronchitis
• alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency

Question 11

Describe chronic bronchitis

Answer 11

mucussy cough most days of 3 months of the year for 2 years

Hyperplasia of goblet cells and growth of mucus glands

Question 12

What happens in emphysema

Answer 12

Tissue destruction of capillary beds and alveolar walls.

Loss of elasticity

Enlargement of airways in terminal bronchioles

Flattening of diaphragm

Question 13

What happens in alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency

Answer 13

Enzyme that inhibits elastase can’t function.

Question 14

What happens in asthma?

Answer 14

Triggers result in release of inflammatory mediators (histamine) from mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages.

Question 15

How is COPD treated?

Answer 15

• Stop smoking
• Meds
• Oxygen Therapy

Question 16

How does cystic fibrosis impact the lungs?

Answer 16

• Opens to infections
• Inflammation
• Structural damage resulting in emphysema

-Can also impact liver, pancreas (where the fibrosis is), GI tract.

Question 17

What is restrictive lung dysfunction?

Answer 17

A disorder of compliance, either at the lung or chest wall or both.

Decreases tidal volume, increases respiration rate

Makes breathing more difficult than it should be.

Question 18

How is restrictive lung dysfunction treated?

Answer 18

• Meds
• airway clearance
• nutrition
• supplemental oxygen

Question 19

What are some causes of restrictive lung dysfunction?

Answer 19

• maturational lack of surfactant
• idiopathic pulmonary issues.
• nutritional issues
• cardio/neuromuscular/musculoskeletal issues

Question 20

What is the most common cause of pulmonary death in the US?

Answer 20

-pneumonia

Question 21

What are some normal mechanisms to prevent airway infection?

Answer 21

• Filtration in airways
• cough
• glottis
• mucociliary blanket
• pulmonary macrophages

Question 22

What is the leading cause of death from a single agent worldwide?

Answer 22

tuberculosis

Question 23

What is bronchiolar tone and what impacts it?

Answer 23

• State of bronchial smooth muscle contraction or relaxation.
• Depends on adrenergic/cholinergic balance
• Impacted by parasympathetic tim of vagus nerve
• Impacted by sympathetic tim by catecholamines.

Question 24

What are the three methods of inhaled delivery?

Answer 24

• metered dose inhaler
• dry powder inhaler
• nebulizer