Immunology

Question 1

What is an antigen?

Answer 1

-A foreign substance that can cause an immune response

Question 2

What is an epitope?

Answer 2

• immunologically active site on antigen

- interacts with antibody

Question 3

What are major histocompatibility complex molecules? (MHC)

Answer 3

• Self-ID models. Unique for individuals
• Class 1: found on all nucleated molecules (not platelets or RBCs)
• Class 2: found on macrophages and B lymphocytes.

Question 4

What are the first and second line non specific immune responses?

Answer 4

• Skin and mucous

- inflammatory response (vasodilation, capillary leakiness, chemotaxis, phagocytosis)

Question 5

What are opsonins?

Answer 5

Molecules that bind to foreign cells to make them more easily eaten by phagocytic cells

Question 6

What is complement?

Answer 6

A group of immune proteins in blood

Question 7

What happens when complement is activated?

Answer 7

• Membrane Attack Complex Forms
• Inflammatory response increases
• Acts as opsoninizing agent, enhances phagocytosis

Question 8

What are other nonspecific mechanisms of immune response?

Answer 8

IFN a fibroblasts and IFN b leukocytes which both inhibit viral replication.

Question 9

What do NK cells do?

Answer 9

-Kills non-specifically but requires part of the specific immune response to pull off.

Question 10

What is required for a specific immune response?

Answer 10

-specific recognition of an antigen

Question 11

What is an antibody mediated/humoral immune response?

Answer 11

-Attacks bacteria or extracellular viruses

Question 12

What is a cell mediated immune response?

Answer 12

-Attacks intracellular viruses and cancer cells, which are self cells gone bad.

Question 13

Where are antibodies found?

Answer 13

• The surface of B lymphocytes, where they function as receptors
• solubly circulate in the plasma.

Question 14

What are the 5 types of antibodies?

Answer 14

• IgA
• IgD
• IgE
• IgG
• IgM

Question 15

Describe IgA?

Answer 15

• 15% of antibodies
• Found in secretions
• Protect against bacteria on mucus membranes

Question 16

Describe IgD?

Answer 16

• 0.2% of antibodies

- Found on surface of B lymphocytes. Help mature B lymphocytes.

Question 17

Describe IgE?

Answer 17

.004%

• only in mammals
• Can trigger very powerful responses.
• Binds mast cells and basophils
• involved in parasitic info, allergens, hypersensitive reactions

Question 18

Describe IgG?

Answer 18

• 75%, most abundant.
• can cross placenta to defend fetus
• activates complement
• binds to macrophages.

Question 19

Describe IgM?

Answer 19

• 10%
• Acts against A and B RBC antigens.
• Activates complement.

Question 20

What is the sequence of events in an antibody mediated immune response?

Answer 20

• Pathogen enters bearing antigen
• Antibody bearing B-lymphocyte recognizes and binds to antigen
• Macrophages phagocytize antigen and it’s MHC is displayed on surface after processing.
• Helper T cell goes after this MHC.
• This releases cytokines, which draw in more T cells and leads to proliferation of B cells.
• Plasma cells are differentiated
• Memory cells are differentiated (remember antigens and lead to response of T cells upon second mee

Question 21

What is the sequence of events in a cell mediated immune response?

Answer 21

???

Question 22

Define immunodeficiency

Answer 22

-

Question 23

Discuss B cell deficiencies

Answer 23

-

Question 24

Discuss T cell deficiencies

Answer 24

-

Question 25

What is DiGeorge syndrome

Answer 25

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Question 26

What is SCIDS

Answer 26

-

Question 27

Describe hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 27

-

Question 28

What are the four types of hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 28

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Question 29

Describe AIDS

Answer 29

-

Question 30

What is required for a successful organ transplant?

Answer 30

-

Question 31

Describe Graft- vs Host disease

Answer 31

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