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Bioscience 2 > Hepatobility > Flashcards

Hepatobility Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

-Lobule

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2
Q

What is a lobule structure?

A
  • Hexagonal shape, triad of bile duct/hepatic portal vein/hepatic artery at each corner.
  • Lobule is all hepatocytes which drain into one central vein.
  • Make up ~80% of liver volume
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3
Q

What is the function of microvilli on each side of liver endothelium?

A

-Increase surface area

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4
Q

What are Kuppfer cells?

A

-Macrophages in sinusoid which consume RBCs, bacteria

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5
Q

What is the function of endothelial cells in the liver?

A

-Line the sinusoids, make it very porous so large particles and proteins and shit can move through.

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6
Q

What are the stellate cells in the liver?

A
  • Fat storing cells for vitamin A and fat soluble vitamins

- Can turn into myofibroblasts in the case of liver damage. May play a role in cirrhosis.

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7
Q

What are cannaliculi in the liver and what flows through them?

A

-Channels between cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes which carry bile

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8
Q

Describe preferential enzyme expression:

A
  • Function of hepatocytes is determined by their relative proximity to central veins.
  • Zone 1 is furthest from central vein, thus most highly oxygenated
  • Zone 3 is closest to central vein and least oxygenated
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9
Q

What do Zone 1 hepatocytes carry out?

A

-amino acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, ureageneis, cholesterol synthesis, and bile formation

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10
Q

What do zone 3 hepatocytes carry out?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Glycogen synthesis
  • Lipogenesis
  • Ketogenesis
  • Drug metabolism
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11
Q

How much of the liver oxygen supply comes from the portal vein? Hepatic artery?

A
  • 60-70%

- 30-40%

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12
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Nutrient metabolism
  • Biotransformation
  • Filtration
  • Hormone conversion and activation
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13
Q

What is phase 1 of biotransformation?

A

-Oxidation-reduction, cytochrome P450 enzyme

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14
Q

What is phase 2 of biotransformation?

A

-Conjugation to make metabolites more polar/water soluble for excretion

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15
Q

What carries out filtration at the liver?

A

-Kuppfer cells

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16
Q

How are hormones converted and activated at the liver?

A
  • Vitamin D is hydrolyzed here

- T4 is deiodinized into T3

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17
Q

What is the main nutrient metabolized at the liver? How?

A
  • Carbohydrates

- Converts CHO to triglycerides for storage as fat outside of liver

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18
Q

What are the three forms of cholesterol?

A
  • Dietary (as chylomicrons)
  • en novo
  • LDL
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19
Q

What are the two ways that cholesterol is exported from the liver?

A
  • As bile acids

- As VLDL to be sent to other cells to make cellular components or steroid hormones

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20
Q

What proteins are produced at the liver?

A
  • ALBUMIN
  • Fibrinogen
  • Clotting factors
  • Globulins
  • Angiotensinogen
  • Apolipoproteins
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21
Q

What is the main function of albumin?

A
  • Maintains plasma oncotic pressure.

- Binds and transports substances in blood.

22
Q

How are proteins metabolized?

A
  • Transamination

- Oxidative deamination

23
Q

What is transamination?

A

-Transfer of an amino group to a ketoacid to participate in gluconeogenesis, lipid synthesis

24
Q

What is bilirubin? What is it’s function?

A
  • Pigment that occurs when RBCs break down.

- Gives bile it’s color

25
Q

How is bilirubin formed?

A
  • RBC breaks down, biliverdin is formed
  • converts to free bilirubin, binds to albumin in blood
  • converts to conjugated bilirubin in blood, now conjugated.
26
Q

What is jaundice and how is it caused?

A

Yellowing of the skin. Due to excessive biulirubinas a result of excess bilirubin lysis, decreased hepatic blood flow, obstruction of bile ducts, reduced conjugation of bilirubin.

27
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

-Allows bilirubin and cholesterol to be excreted

28
Q

Wha do bile acids and bile salts promote?

A

Digestion and absorption of lipids.

29
Q

What are micelles? What do they do?

A

Formed by bile salts and bile acids. They emulsify lipids so they can be absorbed

30
Q

Why is gallbladder bile more concentrated than hepatic bile?

A

-Water is taken out;

31
Q

Describe enterohepatic circulation

A

-More bile is excreted than is generated, most of this is reabsorbed.

32
Q

What are ALT and AST?

A
  • alanine aminotransferase
  • aspartate aminotransferase
  • tells you about liver damage
33
Q

What does serum albumin tell us?

A
  • About synthetic capability of l;over

- If the liver can make proteins

34
Q

What does alkaline phosphatase tell us?

A

-about liver excretory function.

35
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Secrete concentrated bile into duodenum

36
Q

What is cholestasis? Causes?

A
  • blockage of gallbladder
  • Stones, cirrhosis, neoplasm outside of liver
  • Common symptom is itching
37
Q

What is cholestisis? Acute vs Chronic? Signs

A
  • Inflammation of gallbladder
  • Associated with partial or complete obstruction of cystic or common duct.
  • Acute signs=vomiting, right upper quadrant pain
  • Chronic: pain, intolerance to fatty foods
38
Q

What is cholelithiasis? Cause?

A
  • Gall stones

- Too much cholesterol, not enough bile salts

39
Q

What is hepatitis?

A
  • Viral infection of liver cells

- Most cellular damage comes from self immune response

40
Q

Describe Hep A

A
  • RNA virus
  • No symptoms in kids, jaundice in adults
  • Fecal-oral transmission
41
Q

Hep B

A
  • DNA, blood borne and bodily fluids
  • There is a vaccine
  • Can cause cirrhosis and necrosis
  • plays role in Hep D
42
Q

Hep C

A
  • RNA virus, blood borne
  • Most commonly vaccinated for
  • Can be acute or chronic
  • May cause cancer
43
Q

Hep D

A
  • Requires Hep B infection
  • No treatment, DNA virus, blood borne.
  • Can be acute or chronic
44
Q

Hep E

A
  • RNA virus, fecal oral transmission
  • Similar to Hep A
  • Impacts pregnant women
45
Q

Hep G

A

Basically Hep C

46
Q

Describe chronic hepatitis

A
  • Result of B, C, or D
  • 3-6 months
  • Most common cause of liver transplant in adults
47
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A
  • Inflammation of pancreas due to alcohol or trauma
  • Enzymes from pancreas released to surrounding tissues
  • Chronic due to alcohol abuse or cystic fibrosis
48
Q

How is pancreatitis treated?

A
  • NPO
  • NGT
  • Total Parenteral Nutrition
49
Q

Describe liver cancer

A
  • Highly linked to Hep B and Hep C
  • Low survival rate
  • Palleative care
  • Associated with cirrhosis
50
Q

Describe pancreatic/gallbladder cancer

A
  • Prancreatic is 4th most common cause of cancer death
  • common in blacks

Gallbladder cancer: 1% 5 year survival rate, diagnosed at surgery because symptoms involve gallstones

51
Q

What makes up alcoholic liver disease?

A
  • Cirrhosis (stellate cells)
  • Fatty liver
  • Alcoholic hepatitis

Bioscience 2 (10 decks)

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