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01. Cardiopulm Renal > Pulmonary Pathology 1/2 > Flashcards

Pulmonary Pathology 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

alveolar pores (of Kahn)

A

allow aeration but also bacteria/cells/exudate to travel between alveoli

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2
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

produce surfactant and replace type 1 pneumocytes

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3
Q

resorption atelectasis

A

airway obstruction with gradual resorption of air reduces lung expansion

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4
Q

compression atelectasis

A

accumulated material in pleural cavity compresses the lung parenchyma

*pleural effusion

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5
Q

contraction atelectasis

A

fibrotic or other innate restrictive process in the pleura or peripheral lung restricts lung expansion

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6
Q

hemodynamic “pushing out” causes of pulmonary edema

A
  • left sided heart failure
  • volume overload
  • pulmonary vein obstruction
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7
Q

hemodynamic “leaking out” pulmonary edema

A
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • liver disease
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8
Q

injury to alveolar wall causes of pulmonary edema

A
  • bacterial pneumonia
  • sepsis
  • smoke inhalation
  • aspiration
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9
Q

What will show pink proteinaceous material in the alveolar spaces histologically?

A

pulmonary edema

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10
Q

acute lung injury

A

acute onset, hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates, NO evidence of cardiac failure

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11
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • worsening hypoxemia
  • PaO2/FiO2 < 200
  • bilateral infiltrates
  • abrupt onset of Sx
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12
Q

Diffuse alveolar damage

A

histologic manifestation of ARDS

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13
Q

DAD formula

A

Edema + fibrin + cell debris = HYALINE MEMBRANES

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14
Q

What is the difference between ARDS and Acute interstitial pneumonia?

A

acute interstitial pneumonia cannot be attributed to a specific etiology
(same clinical presentation and histology as ARDS)

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15
Q

stages of ARDS

A

1) exudative
2) proliferative
3) fibrotic

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16
Q

What happens after the fibroproliferative phase of ARDS?

A

Either
Resolution- restoration of normal cellular structure and function
-OR-
Fibrosis- destruction and distortion of normal cellular structure (irreversible)

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

immature lungs with limited pulmonary surfactant lead to development of RDS at birth

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18
Q

Restrictive lung disease characteristics

A
  • volume restriction
  • FEV1/FVC normal
  • FVC reduced
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19
Q

Obstructive lung disease characteristics

A
  • decreased flow

- low FEV1/FVC ratio

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20
Q

Dx criteria for chronic bronchitis

A

persistent cough with sputum production for 3 months out of 2 consecutive years

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21
Q

lung sounds chronic bronchitis

A

rhonchi and wheezing

22
Q

lung sounds emphysema

A

quiet chest

23
Q

airway remodeling

A
  • occurs with asthma
  • progressive structural changes to airways (fibrosis, smooth muscle hyperplasia, increased goblet cells)
  • may be irreversible
  • decreased response to therapeutic agents
24
Q

status asthmaticus

A
  • potentially fatal asthma attack
  • bronchial occlusion by thick mucus
  • eosinophils and breakdown product (charot leyden crystals)
25
Q

Curschmann spirals

A

coiled mucus plugs found in status asthmaticus

26
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

or primary ciliary dyskinesia; dysfunction of dynein arm of microtubules

27
Q

What is cause of death with a saddle pulmonary embolism?

A

Acute cor pulmonale (no pulmonary infarct)

28
Q

who have Talc embolisms?

A

IV drug users

29
Q

pulmonary HTN Dx criteria

A

pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) greater than 25 mmHg

30
Q

pulmonary HTN subgroups

A

1) pulmonary arterial HTN (primary vascular Dz)
2) secondary to left heart failure
3) secondary to chronic pulmonary parenchymal Dz or hypoxia
4) secondary to thromboembolic pulmonary Dz
5) multifactorial

31
Q

pathology pulmonary HTN

A

1) plexiform lesion

2) medial hypertrophy

32
Q

Three pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes

A

1) goodpasture syndrome
2) granulomatosis with polyangiitis
3) idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis

33
Q

immunofluorescence showing linear pattern of deposition is related to..

A

Good pasture syndrome (due to anti-basement membrane antibodies)

34
Q

goodpasture syndrome is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

type II

35
Q

Who does good pasture syndrome affect?

A

male patients in their 2nd or 3rd decade

36
Q

Goodpasture syndrome pathophys

A

Abs against a noncollagenous subunit of collagen IV

37
Q

Cause of clinical Sx of goodpasture syndrome

A

Ab-mediated damage to basement membranes in lung and kidneys

38
Q

Stages of lobar PNA

A

1) congestion
2) red hepatization
3) grey hepatization
4) resolution

39
Q

complications of lobar PNA

A
  • abscess
  • empyema
  • bacteremia
40
Q

typical pneumonia features

A
  • abrupt onset
  • respiratory Sx
  • consolidation on chest x-ray
  • in older adults or children
41
Q

atypical/walking pneumonia features

A
  • slower onset
  • systemic symptoms
  • patchy infiltrates on chest x-ray
  • in young adults/teens/older children
42
Q

antigenic drift

A
  • causes epidemics
  • minor changes to antigens on virus, allowing for increased spread
  • similar enough to original virus to allow for some immunity in many individual
43
Q

antigenic shift

A
  • causes pandemics
  • genomic alterations with major resulting changes to protein structure
  • Naive immunity for almost all people
44
Q

where does bacterial PNA show infiltrates on histology?

A

in the alveolar spaces

45
Q

where does viral PNA show infiltrates on histology?

A

in the interstitium

46
Q

general presentation bacterial PNA

A
  • abrupt onset
  • high grade fever
  • crackles on lung exam
  • lobar or consolidated appearance
  • may involve pleura
47
Q

general presentation viral PNA

A
  • gradual onset
  • epidemics are common
  • no or low grade fever
  • wheezes on lung exam
  • diffuse infiltrates on CXR
48
Q

lung abscess causes

A

1) complication on PNA

2) aspiration

49
Q

what histological finding is highly associated with TB?

A

caseating granuloma

50
Q

ghon complex

A
  • radiological/histo finding with TB

- lesion has a ghon focus (primary lesion) and pulmonary lymphadenopathy

51
Q

chronic pneumonia

A

pneumonic process lasting for months in an immunocompetent patient

52
Q

what does histo of lung transplant rejection look like?

A

mononuclear infiltrates around vessel

01. Cardiopulm Renal (9 decks)

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