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01. Cardiopulm Renal > Pulmonary Path 3/4 > Flashcards

Pulmonary Path 3/4 Flashcards

1
Q

Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH)

A

<5 mm

dysplastic pneumocytes present along alveoli with some interstitial fibrosis

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2
Q

Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)

A

< 3 cm

dysplastic pneumocytes confluently growing along alveoli

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3
Q

DIPNECH characteristics

A

precursor lesion
neuroendocrine tumor
very small, less than 5 mm (“tumorlets”)

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4
Q

carcinoid tumor characteristics

A

5mm or larger
can metastasize
neuroendocrine carcinoma grade 1

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5
Q

Neuroendocrine tumor grade 2

A

Atypical carcinoid tumor

  • necrosis
  • increased mitotic activity (increased rates of metastasis)
  • disordered growth
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6
Q

Neuroendocrine tumor grade 3

A

small cell carcinoma

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7
Q

empyema

A

exudate with accumulation of pus in the pleural space (typically from a bacterial infection)

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8
Q

What is empyema notorious for?

A

creating loculations or web like traps for fluid

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9
Q

what does empyema look like?

A

fluid will be thick, yellow; smears show neutrophils and bacteria

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10
Q

viral infectious rhinitis/sinusitis causes and appearance

A
  • Rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, echovirus

- clear rhinorrhea

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11
Q

bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis causes and appearance

A
  • superimposed infection (strep pneumoniae, haemophilius influenzae)
  • thick purulent nasal secretions
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12
Q

allergic rhinitis/sinusitis cause/appearance

A
  • can be from a variety of inhaled allergens (type 1 hypersensitivity)
  • edema, rhinorrhea
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13
Q

inflammatory sinonasal polyps clinical presentation/histo

A

presentation: large ball of mucus in sinuses
histo: edema in stroma with eosinophilic infiltrates

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14
Q

What can cause obstructions with sinusitis?

A
  • empyema

- mucocele

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15
Q

Pathway of infection with sinusitis?

A
  • enters maxillary sinus by tracking along periapical tissues (oral flora)
  • advanced sinusitis can secondarily spread infection
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16
Q

Where can ethmoidal sinusitis spread to?

A

pre-septum, orbit

17
Q

Where can frontal sinusitis spread to?

A

brain, meninges

18
Q

mycetoma

A

fungal ball seen with fungal sinusitis

19
Q

who gets acute invasive sinusitis?

A

diabetics, immunocompromised people

20
Q

What causes fungal sinusitis?

A

Zygomycosis species (mucor)

21
Q

Treatment of fungal sinusitis

A

emergent situation requiring IV antifungal therapy to prevent extension into the brain or sepsis

22
Q

clinical presentation Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A
  • middle aged adults

- nasal passages and sinuses have ulceration, necrosis and perforation of the septum

23
Q

histology Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

granulomatous inflammation/vasculitis

classic necrobiotic blue

24
Q

What agents are responsible for otitis media?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Haemophilus influenzae

25
Q

What agent is responsible for chronic otitis media in diabetics?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

26
Q

what is a cholesteatoma?

A
  • cystic lesion that arises in chronic otitis media
  • lined by benign squamous epithelium with trapped keratin debris
  • Not neoplasm, can enlarge and erode adjacent bone
27
Q

otosclerosis

A

abnormal bony deposition, typically at the stapedial foot plate

28
Q

what does otosclerosis cause?

A

conductive hearing loss

29
Q

what is the inheritance of otosclerosis?

A

Autosomal dominant

30
Q

embryological origin of carotid body tumors

A

neural crest cells (from autonomic paraganglia)

31
Q

clinical presentation of carotid body tumors

A

May arise sporadically or be associated with MEN2

32
Q

radiographic features of carotid body tumors

A

lyre sign (bowing of vessels)

33
Q

Histologic findings for Dx of carotid body tumors

A

Nests of cells (“zellenballen”) that are demonstrated with S-100 stain

34
Q

what radiological finding is ARDS associated with and why?

A

Diffuse whiteout due to permeative pulmonary edema

35
Q

What type of lesion is a hamartoma on radiology?

A

popcorn calcification or “coin”

36
Q

What causes resorption atelectatsis and what does it look like?

A

Airway blockage causes and it looks like a wedge shape

Possible Blockages

  • tumor
  • foreign body
  • mucus
37
Q

pneumothorax on radiology

A

expiratory chest film shows shift of mediastinum

01. Cardiopulm Renal (9 decks)

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