Pulmonary Patholgy

Question 1

What are the main URTI?

Answer 1

Coryza (common cold)
Sore throat
Croup
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Acute Epiglottis

Question 2

What microorganisms are Acute Epiglottis caused by?

Answer 2

Haemophilia influenzae (type b - Hib)
Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci

Question 3

What are the main LRTI?

Answer 3

Bronchitis
Broncholitis
Pneumonia

Question 4

What are the resp tract defence mechanisms?

Answer 4

Macrophage-Mucociliary escalator system
General immune system
- Humoral and cellular immunity
- Resp tract secretions
- URT acts as a filter (provided you breath through your nose)

Can be disturbed by cold, dry air

Question 5

What parts play a role in the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system?

Answer 5

Alveolar macrophages
Mucociliary escalator
Cough reflex

Question 6

How do particles get cleared from the lungs?

Answer 6

Particles/deposition are cleared by alveolar macrophage phagocytosis

Then by the muscle-ciliary escalator up and out of the mouth or by the interstitial pathway via lymph to the lymph nodes.

Question 7

What can cilia be damaged by?

Answer 7

Cilia can be damages by viral infections which then allows bacterial infections to infect and do damage

Question 8

How does cellular bronchiolitis occur?

Answer 8

By viral infection of the lung?

Question 9

How can pneumonia be classified?

Answer 9

Anatomically
Aetiologically i.e what circumstances led to this pneumonia
Microbiologically

Question 10

What are the aetiological classifications of pneumonia?

Answer 10

Community acquired
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Pneumonia in immunocompromised
Atypical pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Recurrent pneumonia

Question 11

What are the patterns of pneumonia?

Answer 11

Bronchopneumonia
Segmental
Lobar
Hypostatic
Aspiration
Obstruction, Retention, Endogenous lipid

Question 12

What are some complications of pneumonia

Answer 12

Usually resolves

Can lead to:
Pleurisy
Pleural effusion
Empyema

Lung abscess
Bronchiectasis
Pneumonia

Organisation
Mass legion
COP
Constrictive bronchiolitis

Question 13

How can pneumonia develop into a lung abscess

Answer 13

Obstructed bronchus: tumour
Aspiration
Particular organism - S. Aureus, pneumococci
Metastatic in pyramid
Necrotic Lung

Question 14

How does aspiration pneumonia occur?

Answer 14

Vomiting
Oesophageal lesion
Obstetric Anaesthesia
Neuromuscular disorders
Sedation

Question 15

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 15

Bronchial dilation

Question 16

What causes the bronchi to dilate?

Answer 16

Severe infective episode
Recurrent infections - many causes
Proximal Bronchial Obstruction
Lung parenchymal destruction

Question 17

What are the sign and symptoms of bronchiectasis?

Answer 17

Cough
Abundant purulent foul sputum
Haemoptysis
Sings of chronic infection
Coarse crackles
Clubbing

Thin section CT

Question 18

What is the treatment for bronchiectasis?

Answer 18

Postural drainage
Antibiotics
Surgery

Question 19

What can failed defence mechanisms lead to?

Answer 19

Recurrent lung infection

Question 20

What are examples of defences disaling?

Answer 20

Local bronchial obstruction - tumour, foreign body
Local Pulmonary damage - bronchiescatasis
Generalised lung diseases - CF, COPD
Non resp disease - Immunocompromised or aspiration