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B2 > Pulmonary Histology Week 1 > Flashcards

Pulmonary Histology Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

German physician _________ first describes and named the ________ and was published in lung diseases and angina pectoris

A

Hans Kohn, Pore of Kohn

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2
Q

The respiratory stem is a combination of _______, _________, _______, and _______

A

cartilage, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, smooth muscle fibers

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3
Q

The concentration of ______ in the respiratory system is inversely proportional to the _____

A

elastic fiber, diameter

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4
Q

Elastic fibers found in lamina propria of the respiratory system run _______

A

longitudinally

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5
Q

The _____ of the respiratory system is mostly circular

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

The _________ of the respiratory system provides conduit to transfer air

A

conducting portion

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7
Q

How does the conducting portion condition the air?

A

cleans, moistens, and warms air

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8
Q

What are the six cell types in the generic respiratory epithelium?

A

1) ciliated columnar cells, columnar cells, 2) mucous goblet cells, 3) brush cells, 4) diffuse endocrine or small granule cells, 5) basal cells or immature cells

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9
Q

The ______ produce serous secretion

A

columnar cells

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10
Q

The ______ have no cilia yet many microvilli. There are two kinds.

A

Brush cells

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11
Q

Describe the two types of brush cells.

A

One kind acts like goblet cells releasing mucinogen. Other kind has nerve ending on basal surface.

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12
Q

Name the two proposed functions of the nerve endings on the basal surface of some brush cells

A

sensory receptor for gas volume and o2/co2 conentration; intraepithelial receptor for trigeminal N/sneeze reflex

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13
Q

The mucous goblet cells continue until the _________. Describe the two functions.

A

terminal bronchiole. 1) synthesize mucinogen which when hydrated turns into mucous; 2) trap and remove bacteria/particles; 3)

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14
Q

The _________ are the most common types of cells and continue until the respiratory portion.

A

Ciliated columnar cells

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15
Q

In what direction do the cilia of ciliated columnar cells beat?

A

towards the mouth

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16
Q

The ________ are thought to control mucous and seromucous secretion and possibly vessel diameter

A

Diffuse endocrine or small granule cells

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17
Q

The __________ rest on the basement membrane and do not reach lumen and are therefore “psuedostratified.” They appear to be stem cells.

A

Basal cells or immature cells

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18
Q

_________ is the abnormal transformation of a tissue to a form which is not normal in response to a disease process, a physical or chemical event

A

Metaplasia

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19
Q

Describe metaplasia in smoker’s lungs

A

Increase in goblet cells in resp epithelium due to pollutants and decrease in cilia due to carbon monoxide

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20
Q

In the nasal cavity, the air is filtered, warmed and humidified by the ______

A

nasal mucosa

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21
Q

The ______ is the anterior portion of the nasal cavity

A

vestibule

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22
Q

The nasal fossa contains _____, ______, and _____ conchae AKA _____

A

inferior, middle, and superior; turbinates

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23
Q

The nasal cavity also contains vibrissae and ______ and ______ mucosa

A

olfactory, respiratory

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24
Q

In the lamina propria of the nasal cavity, ______ release IgA and IgE. Describe the action of IgE.

A

plasma cells. IgE binds to receptors on mast cells and basophils –> inflammatory mediators released

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25
Q

Drainage from maxillary sinus infections can be seen below the _________

A

middle concha

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26
Q

Why is the nasal cavity a great site for drug delivery?

A

There is convenient access to a superficial venous plexus beneath the nasal cavity mucosa

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27
Q

_______ are venous plexi located in the lamina propria that enlarge alternately on two sides of nasal cavity.

A

Swell bodies

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28
Q

How often do swell bodies enlarge and why?

A

about every 30 minutes. The mucosa on occluded side has time to recover from desiccation and help to direct air to olfactory epithelium.

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29
Q

The olfactory epithelium is located on the roof of the _______ and on the superior ______

A

nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae

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30
Q

What are the four cell types in the olfactory epithelium?

A

olfactory cell, substentacular cell, basal cell, and brush cells

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31
Q

The olfactory cell has _______ whose _____ surfaces are modified to form olfactory _____ and olfactory _____

A

bipolar neurons; apical; olfactory vesicle; olfactory cilia

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32
Q

The dendrite of the olfactory cell terminates as a _____ olfactory vesicle with _____ cilia

A

bulbous, non-motile

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33
Q

Which respiratory epithelial cell is the stem cell for all olfactory epithelium?

A

basal cell

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34
Q

The __________ of the respiratory epithelium allows for olfactory adaptation

A

spatio-temporal patterning

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35
Q

Olfactory epithelium allows direct access to the central nervous system via _____

A

cranial nerve I

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36
Q

Axons of the bipolar neuron (olfactory cell) are surrounded by a cytoplasmic extension of olfactory _______ which pierce the _____ plate of the _____ bone into the olfactory bulb

A

myelin-producing cells, cribriform, ethmoid bone

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37
Q

In the nose, the _____ secretes IgA that is transported into the lumen of the ______.

A

plasma cell, olfactory gland

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38
Q

IgA causes the olfactory gland of Bowman to release secretory product containing ______

A

odorant-binding protein

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39
Q

The supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium have a ____ located, ____ nucleus and a microvilli border

A

apically, ovoid

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40
Q

The __________ binds to the modified cilia of the bipolar neurons

A

odorant-OBP complex

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41
Q

The ______ are airspaces within cranial bone lined with respiratory epithelium

A

paranasal sinuses

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42
Q

What are three clinical correlations involving the paranasal sinuses?

A

endoscopic sinus surgery, radiofrequency ablation, sinus stents

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43
Q

The larynx contains larger ____ plates and smaller _______ plates

A

hyaline, elastic cartilage

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44
Q

The larynx connects what two structures?

A

trachea and pharynx

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45
Q

The _____ has a tracheal and lingual side and contains two types of epithelium along with _______.

A

epiglottis, elastic cartilage

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46
Q

Describe what occurs to the epiglottis when swallowing food.

A

The backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the larygneal opening and closes the larynx –> directs food into esophagus

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47
Q

The ____ vocal cords contain an upper pair of folds that are covered with _________.

A

false, respiratory epithelium

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48
Q

The ____ vocal cords are covered with ______ due to air movement

A

true, stratified squamous epithelium

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49
Q

____ vocal cords contain muscle while ____ vocal cords contain glands. Neither contain both.

A

True, False

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50
Q

The true vocal cords contain the ______ muscle and _______ composed of elastic fibers

A

vocalis skeletal, vocal ligament

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51
Q

The ______ contains 16-20 rings and bifurcates to form the ______, the one on the ____ side being more vertical. this structure is involved with coughing and swallowing.

A

tracheae, primary bronchi, right

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52
Q

The trachea contains what four structures?

A

respiratory epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, and adventitia

53
Q

The respiratory epithelium of the trachea contains a thick _____

A

basement membrane

54
Q

The lamina propria of the trachea contains ______ and _____ fibers with a well defined _____

A

collagen and elastic, elastic lamina

55
Q

The submucosa contains _____ glands that can extend in thto the ______

A

seromucous, lamina propria

56
Q

The adventitia of the trachea contains C-shaped _____ cartilage rings that are closed off posteriorly by ______. The perichondrium fuses with the submucosa and adventitia.

A

hyaline, trachealis muscle

57
Q

What are the four types of cells that make up the epithelial lining of the trachea?

A

Columnar ciliated cell, goblet cell, basal cell, and endocrine cell

58
Q

The apical portion of the ______ contains mucus secretion that is released by ______, forming part of a protective mucus blanket

A

goblet cell, exocytosis into lumen

59
Q

Which cell in the epithelial lining of the trachea does not extend to the free surface?

A

BASAL CELL

60
Q

The _____ contain small granules and can be observed in the basal region of the epithelium. They are members of the ________ (APUD or ________)

A

endocrine cell, diffuse endocrine system, amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation

61
Q

The bronchial tree is divided into the _______ which divide into the _______ after entering the lung parenchyma

A

extrapulmonary bronchi, intrapulmonary bronchi

62
Q

The ______ resemble than the trachae in that the right side is straighter. The right side _____ while the left side bifurcates.

A

extrapulmonary bronchi, trifurcates

63
Q

The extrapulmonary bronchi are more _____ than intrapulmonary and their ______ rings become irregular. Smooth muscle spirals between the _____ and ____

A

rigid, cartilaginous, submucosa and cartilage

64
Q

The intrapulmonary bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary levels. The secondary are ____ whereas the _____ and enter the ______

A

lobar, segmental, bronchopulmonary segments

65
Q

There are ___ secondary intrapulmonary bronchi on the right side and __ on the left side. In terms of tertiary, there are ___ on left side and ___ on right side

A

3 on right, 2 on left, 8 on left, 10 on right

66
Q

A ________ supplies a pulmonary lobule.

A

terminal bronchioe

67
Q

The _______ is derived from the terminal bronchiole and organizes a pulmonary ____

A

respiratory bronchiole, acinus

68
Q

The lamina propria of the mucosa of the bronchi are rich in ______ while the muscularis consists of ______

A

elastic fibers, spiral smooth muscle

69
Q

The submucosa of bronchi are rich in _____ fibers and contain seromucous glands between _______ and ______ that extend into the lamina propria

A

elastic, cartilage plates, smooth muscle

70
Q

The bronchus contains a ________ layer and adventitia as well

A

hyaline cartilage

71
Q

As bronchi become smaller, irregular ______ are observed. Each one consists of ______ surrounded by a bundle of connective tissue fibers blending with the perichondrium.

A

cartilage plates, hyaline cartilage

72
Q

Bundles of _______ fibers are found between cartilage plates and bronchial mucosa. The mucosa is lined by typical respiratory epithelium

A

smooth muscle fibers

73
Q

Seromucous glands are found in the lamina propria of bronchi with the ____ projecting beyond the layer of smooth muscle cell bundles. The excretory ducts open up into the _______

A

secretory acini, bronchial lumen

74
Q

______ lack seromucous glands and have no cartilage. They are by definition 1mm or less long.

A

Bronchioles

75
Q

Describe the type of epithelium found in bronchioles.

A

ciliated columnar with goblet cells to a ciliated columnar/cuboidal with Clara cells

76
Q

True/False: Clara cells contain cilia

A

FALSE, contain short microvilli

77
Q

Clara cells secrete _____ that help protect the mucosa and degrade airborne toxins via ________

A

glycoprotein, sER p450 cytochromes

78
Q

Clara cells divide to ______ the bronchiole epithelium.

A

regenerate

79
Q

True/False: As goblet cells decrease, clara cells increase

A

TRUE

80
Q

Describe the lamina propria of bronchioles

A

predominantly smooth muscle and elastic fibers. no cartilage or seromucous glands.

81
Q

In a _______ response, the bronchioles constrict, whereas in a ______ response the bronchioles dilate

A

parasympathetic, sympathetic

82
Q

Describe what occurs in asthma in terms of bronchioles

A

Asthma leads to widespread constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles causing a decrease in diameter

83
Q

Asthma is the most common chronic illness in children, affecting ____. It also affects ___ of adults in North America. In addition, there are _____ deaths annually from asthma in the US

A

1 in 15, 5%, 5K

84
Q

The respiratory bronchiole contains _______ [type of epithelium] and the lamina propria is very thin smooth muscle and elastic fibers at _______

A

simple ciliated cuboidal with Clara cells; alveolar openings

85
Q

The alveolar ducts are lined with ________ and contain smooth muscle and a lot of _______ in the lamina propria

A

squamous epithelium, elastic fibers

86
Q

The squamous epithelium in the alveolar ducts is primarily what kind of cell?

A

type I pneumocyte

87
Q

The _____ are pouch like evaginations. 85% of these structures develop after birth until age 10

A

alveoli

88
Q

What are the alveoli lined by?

A

type I and type II pneumocytes

89
Q

The _______ connects adjacent alveoli and are responsible for _____ when blockage of a small bronchiole occurs

A

pores of Kohn, collateral respiration

90
Q

The _______ is a type of simple squamous epithelium that is very attentuated and involved in the exchange of gases

A

type I pneumocyte

91
Q

True/False: Type I pneumocytes cover 95% of alveolar surface and can regenerated when needed

A

FALSE - can not regenerate

92
Q

The _______ is a type of cuboidal epithelium that covers 5% of the alveolar surface and can regenerate an entire surface

A

type II pneumocyte

93
Q

Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant. What does surfactant do?

A

reduces surface tension, stored in lamellar bodies (TEM), present at 26-28 weeks in amniotic fluid

94
Q

______ are found between type I and type II pneumocytes

A

occluding junctions

95
Q

Describe the pathology of respiratory distress syndrome

A

Premature infants lack sufficient surfactant and the alveoli collapse. Mom is given glucocorticoids to induce synthesis of surfactant by baby.

96
Q

The interalveolar septum consists of thin and thick portions. Describe the function of the thin portion.

A

Exchange of gases and blood-gas barrier (4 parts)

97
Q

Describe the 4 parts of the blood-gas barrier

A

surfactant layer; cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte; fused basal lamina between type I and cap epithelium; cytoplasm of capillary epithelium

98
Q

The interalveolar septum consists of thin and thick portions. Describe the components of the thick portion.

A

there are continuous capillaries; elastic, collagen and reticular fibers; fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

99
Q

Describe the function of the interalveolar septum

A

removes fluid from essentially a closed space through a wicking action

100
Q

Describe lymphatic flow in the interalveolar septum

A

there are no lymphatics from about the alveolar air sacs distally - fluid then diffuses proximally in the interstitium at about level of resp bronchioles - lymphatics then follow the bronchial tree

101
Q

What are the two types of macrophage (dust cell) populations found in the interalveolar septum?

A

those associated with alveolar wall (fixed population) and those that roam free

102
Q

Dust cells produce _____

A

elastase

103
Q

Why do alveolar macrophages in heart failure pts stain positive for Fe?

A

they have digested RBC’s

104
Q

The Pores of Kohn develop at 3-4 years of age. Describe their 2 functions other than collateral ventilation in the case of bronchiole obstruction.

A

equilibrate the pressure from alveoli to alveoli, allow passage of roaming macrophages

105
Q

The capillary component of the pulmonary vasculature is the site of gaseous exchange and has systolic pressure between _____

A

15-25mmHg

106
Q

The bronchial arteries have a systemic systolic pressure of _______. They are branches off the _____ and follow the bronchial tree to the level of the _______.

A

110-135mmHg, thoracic aorta, respiratory bronchioles

107
Q

The bronchial arteries anastomose with branches of the _______

A

pulmonary vein

108
Q

The pulmonary vein arises from _____ and travels in the connective tissue septa

A

venules draining the alveolar capillary plexuses

109
Q

What does the connective tissue septum limit?

A

a pulmonary lobule

110
Q

_______ drain the alveolar capillaries

A

pulmonary vein plexuses

111
Q

The visceral pleura of the lung is composed of what two components?

A

fibroelastic connective tissue, simple squamous mesothelial cells

112
Q

The pulmonary vein transports _____ and the pulmonary artery transports ______

A

oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood

113
Q

The pulmonary artery enters lung with main bronchi, branches following the bronchial tree, and terminates at the _____ where it gives rise to the _________

A

respiratory bronchiole, alveolar capillary plexuses

114
Q

Bronchial arteries carry _____ and also follow the bronchial tree. They supply branches to the walls of the bronchi, arteries, veins and connective tissue septa

A

oxygenated blood

115
Q

The ________ links the superficial (pleural) lymphatic plexus and also drains in the hilum into main lymphatic vessels

A

deep (pulmonary) lymphatic plexus

116
Q

The most common preventable cause of death is:

a) overweight and obesity
b) alcohol
c) tobacco smoking
d) infectious diseases
e) MVC’s

A

c

117
Q

_______ is a protein that protects the lung from the action of elastase

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin

118
Q

Destruction of the _______ causes emphysema.

A

interalveolar wall

119
Q

In emphysema, the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S., there is decreased ______ in the lungs and they are unable to _______

A

elasticity, recoil

120
Q

True/False: The main issue in emphysema is that you cannot get enough air

A

FALSE, you can get enough air, you just can’t move it

121
Q

Emphysema is associated with exposure to cigarettes and other substances that inhibit ______ - 2 to 3% of cases are hereditary.

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin

122
Q

____ after you smoke your last cigarette, your blood pressure and pulse go back to normal

A

20 minutes

123
Q

_____ after you smoke your last cigarette, your hands and feet feel warmer because you circulation has improved

A

1 hour

124
Q

_____ after smoking your last cigarette, your nicotine and carbon monoxide levels fall and oxygen in your blood returns to normal

A

8 hours

125
Q

______ after smoking your last cigarette, CO is removed from your body

A

1 day

126
Q

____ after smoking your last cigarette, nicotine is removed from your body

A

2 days

127
Q

_____ after smoking your last cigarette, withdrawal symptoms begin to ease

A

2 weeks

128
Q

_____ after smoking your last cigarette, withdrawal symptoms stop

A

1 month

129
Q

______ after smoking your last cigarette, your risk of heart attack, cancer and other smoking diseases begins to fall

A

6 months

B2 (15 decks)

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