Pulmonary Function

Question 1

Hypoxemia

Answer 1

Low oxygen content in the arterial blood (going to organs)

Caused by decreased alveolar ventilation, decreased gas exchange or perfusion

Question 2

Clinical measures of hypoxemia

Answer 2

Pulse ox

Arterial blood gas sample

Question 3

Cyanosis

Answer 3

Blueish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

Caused by poor circulation or severe hypoxemia

Question 4

Hypercapnea

Answer 4

Elevated CO2 content in the arterial blood
Caused by decreased alveolar ventilation, decreased gas exchange or decreased alveolar perfusion
Decrease of O2 causes increase of CO2

Question 5

Clinical measures of hypercapnea

Answer 5

Arterial blood gas sample (high PaCO2)

Causes respiratory acidosis

Question 6

Hyperventilation

Answer 6

Lungs are moving CO2 out faster than its being produced

Ex) high elevation

Question 7

Hypovent

Answer 7

Inedaquate alvelli vent

Question 8

Tachypnea

Answer 8

Increased respiratory rate 26-30

Question 9

Dyspnea

Answer 9

Breathing difficulty
shortness of breath 
Dyspnea of exertion
Orthopnea: lying flat 
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 10

Hemoptysis

Answer 10

Throwing up of blood or coughing

Caused by infection or inflammation in the lungs or airway

Question 11

Pneumothorax

Answer 11

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

Question 12

Pleural effusion

Answer 12

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

Question 13

Atelactasis

Answer 13

Alveolar collapse or callapse of lung tissue

Causes: plum edema, pneumothorax, effusion, decreased surfactant

Question 14

Bronchitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the bronchi, viral

Question 15

Bronchiolitis

Answer 15

Inflammation of the bronchioles, viral

Question 16

Sleep apnea syndrome

Answer 16

Partial or complete upper airway obstruction while sleeping

Question 17

RF of SAS

Answer 17

Obesity

Genetics

Question 18

Patho of SAS

Answer 18

Muscle tone relaxes, pharyngeal and tongue relax causes obstruction of airway
Hypercapnea and hypoxemia cause a large breathe intake
SNS activated

Question 19

Clinical cons SAS

Answer 19

Reduced blood O2 sat levels and hypercapnia
Interference with sleep
Hypertension

Question 20

Pneumonia

Answer 20

Inflammation of lower respiratory tract, viruses fungi or bacteria

Question 21

RF pneumonia

Answer 21

Exposure to microorganisms and altered defense mechs
Loss or suppression of cough reflex
Injury to ciliated resp epithelium
Pulmonary edema
Immunocompromised state

Question 22

Bacterial pneumonia

Answer 22

Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions containing micro
Micro survives resp defense (IgA and macro)
Acute inflammatory response
Damage to bronchioles, alveoli, and Pullman caps
Hypoventiliation of alveoli and impaired gas exchange

Question 23

Vpal pneumonia

Answer 23

Influenza pneumonia

RSV

Question 24

Viral transmission of pneumonia

Answer 24

On surfaces for up to 7 hours
Large droplets
Skin to skin contact with inoculation of nasal mucosa
Small particle spread

Question 25

Patho of viral pneumonia

Answer 25

``` Up resp infection spreads to lower airways Injury to epithelial cells Immune response: B and T No consolidation or alveolar response \ Secondary bacterial infection can occur ```

Question 26

Asthma

Answer 26

Inflammation and narrowing of airways | Genetics

Question 27

Patho of asthma

Answer 27

Release of IDE that stimulated histamine Histamine causes bronchoconstriction, edema, secretion of thick mucous Airway obstruction (Late)Synthesis of leukotrienes and prostaglandins (Chronic) hypertrophy of smooth muscle, fibrosis, increased muscles cells

Question 28

Types of asthma attacks

Answer 28

Slow: over hours or days Hyperacute: minutes to hours Status: prolonged severe constriction

Question 29

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 29

Long-term airway obstruction

Question 30

Emphysema

Answer 30

Reduced alveolar recloli and destruction of the alveolar septa

Question 31

Patho of emphysema

Answer 31

Antitrypsin deficiency and or inhibition of antitrypsin | Leads to hypoxemia and hypercapnea due to the enlargement of alveolus

Question 32

Primary emphysema

Answer 32

Autosomal recessive gene mutation

Question 33

Secondary emphysema

Answer 33

Caused by smoking and air pollution

Question 34

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 34

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi with hypersecretion of muscles and aa productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in a year for two consecutive years

Question 35

Causes of chronic bronchitis

Answer 35

Smoking Pollution Occupational exposure to toxins and irritants

Question 36

Patho of CB

Answer 36

``` Bronchoconstriction Edema Increased mucous secretion and impaired mucous clearance Bronchial fibrosis Airway obstruction ```

Question 37

Clinical man of CB

Answer 37

``` Productive cough Long auscultation Low SpO2(tachypnea and dyspnea) Hypercapnia (resp acidosis) Increased risk of infections Pulmonary hypertension and RV failure ```