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level 1 Patho Exam 3 > Pulmonary Function > Flashcards

Pulmonary Function Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen content in the arterial blood (going to organs)

Caused by decreased alveolar ventilation, decreased gas exchange or perfusion

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2
Q

Clinical measures of hypoxemia

A

Pulse ox

Arterial blood gas sample

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3
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blueish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

Caused by poor circulation or severe hypoxemia

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4
Q

Hypercapnea

A

Elevated CO2 content in the arterial blood
Caused by decreased alveolar ventilation, decreased gas exchange or decreased alveolar perfusion
Decrease of O2 causes increase of CO2

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5
Q

Clinical measures of hypercapnea

A

Arterial blood gas sample (high PaCO2)

Causes respiratory acidosis

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6
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Lungs are moving CO2 out faster than its being produced

Ex) high elevation

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7
Q

Hypovent

A

Inedaquate alvelli vent

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8
Q

Tachypnea

A

Increased respiratory rate 26-30

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9
Q

Dyspnea

A 
Breathing difficulty
shortness of breath 
Dyspnea of exertion
Orthopnea: lying flat 
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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10
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Throwing up of blood or coughing

Caused by infection or inflammation in the lungs or airway

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11
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

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12
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

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13
Q

Atelactasis

A

Alveolar collapse or callapse of lung tissue

Causes: plum edema, pneumothorax, effusion, decreased surfactant

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14
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchi, viral

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15
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles, viral

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16
Q

Sleep apnea syndrome

A

Partial or complete upper airway obstruction while sleeping

17
Q

RF of SAS

A

Obesity

Genetics

18
Q

Patho of SAS

A

Muscle tone relaxes, pharyngeal and tongue relax causes obstruction of airway
Hypercapnea and hypoxemia cause a large breathe intake
SNS activated

19
Q

Clinical cons SAS

A

Reduced blood O2 sat levels and hypercapnia
Interference with sleep
Hypertension

20
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lower respiratory tract, viruses fungi or bacteria

21
Q

RF pneumonia

A 
Exposure to microorganisms and altered defense mechs
Loss or suppression of cough reflex
Injury to ciliated resp epithelium
Pulmonary edema
Immunocompromised state
22
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

A

Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions containing micro
Micro survives resp defense (IgA and macro)
Acute inflammatory response
Damage to bronchioles, alveoli, and Pullman caps
Hypoventiliation of alveoli and impaired gas exchange

23
Q

Vpal pneumonia

A

Influenza pneumonia

RSV

24
Q

Viral transmission of pneumonia

A

On surfaces for up to 7 hours
Large droplets
Skin to skin contact with inoculation of nasal mucosa
Small particle spread

25
Q

Patho of viral pneumonia

A 
Up resp infection spreads to lower airways 
Injury to epithelial cells 
Immune response: B and T
No consolidation or alveolar response \
Secondary bacterial infection can occur
26
Q

Asthma

A

Inflammation and narrowing of airways

Genetics

27
Q

Patho of asthma

A

Release of IDE that stimulated histamine
Histamine causes bronchoconstriction, edema, secretion of thick mucous
Airway obstruction
(Late)Synthesis of leukotrienes and prostaglandins
(Chronic) hypertrophy of smooth muscle, fibrosis, increased muscles cells

28
Q

Types of asthma attacks

A

Slow: over hours or days
Hyperacute: minutes to hours
Status: prolonged severe constriction

29
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Long-term airway obstruction

30
Q

Emphysema

A

Reduced alveolar recloli and destruction of the alveolar septa

31
Q

Patho of emphysema

A

Antitrypsin deficiency and or inhibition of antitrypsin

Leads to hypoxemia and hypercapnea due to the enlargement of alveolus

32
Q

Primary emphysema

A

Autosomal recessive gene mutation

33
Q

Secondary emphysema

A

Caused by smoking and air pollution

34
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi with hypersecretion of muscles and aa productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in a year for two consecutive years

35
Q

Causes of chronic bronchitis

A

Smoking
Pollution
Occupational exposure to toxins and irritants

36
Q

Patho of CB

A 
Bronchoconstriction
Edema
Increased mucous secretion and impaired mucous clearance
Bronchial fibrosis 
Airway obstruction
37
Q

Clinical man of CB

A 
Productive cough
Long auscultation 
Low SpO2(tachypnea and dyspnea)
Hypercapnia (resp acidosis)
Increased risk of infections 
Pulmonary hypertension and RV failure

level 1 Patho Exam 3 (5 decks)

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