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level 1 Patho Exam 3 > Alterations Of Digestive Function > Flashcards

Alterations Of Digestive Function Flashcards

1
Q

Constipation

A

Difficult or frequent defecation

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2
Q

Normal transit constipation

A

Normal rate of stool passage, but difficulty of evacuation

Causes: sedentary lifestyle, low fiber diet, low fluid intake

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3
Q

Slow transit constipation

A

Slow rate of stool passage caused by impaired colon peristalsis
Causes: again, neurogenic disorders, medications that slow bowel movement, or other GI diseases

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4
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

This is a disease caused by the absence or partial absence of of the enteric nervous system and reduces peristalsis

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5
Q

Diarrhea

A

Presence of loose or watery stools

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6
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

Substance in the lumen of the large intestine attract water, producing large volumes of diarrhea
Causes: lactose intolerant, pancreatic enzyme deficiency

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7
Q

Secretory diarrhea

A

Intestinal epithelium secretes large volumes of fluid; many cases are due to infection
Chrons disease and ulcerative colitis can cause it

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8
Q

Motility diarrhea

A

Insufficient water absorption in intestines

Cause: bowel resection, fistula formation, hyperthyroidism and laxative abuse

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9
Q

Steatorhea

A

Fat in the stools

Cause: pancreatic enzyme insufficiency

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10
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

Reflux of hydrochloride acid and gastric enzymes through the lower esophageal sphincter in to the esophagus

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11
Q

Risk factors for GRD

A

Hiatal hernia
Foods
Pregnancy
Pyloric stenosis obstruction

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12
Q

Hiatal hernia GRD

A

Weakening of the connection between the diaphragm and the wall of the esophagus leading to instability of the LES

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13
Q

Pyloric stenosis obstruction GRD

A

Hypertrophy of the pyloric valve leads to delayed gastric emptying and increased volume of gastric contents

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14
Q

Patho of GRD

A

Decreased LES tone and increased intrabdominal pressure resulting in the reflux of hydrochloride acid and pepsin into the lower esophagus

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15
Q

Lower esophageal strictures

A

Scare tissue formation in the wall of the distal esophagus leading to a narrowing of the esophagus and obstruction of the food passage

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16
Q

Barrett’s esophagitis

A

Dysplastic changes of the esophageal epithelium occurring in 10-15% of individuals with GERD

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17
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma that develops in dysplastic tissue

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18
Q

Peptic ulcer disease

A

Ulceration in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum

Primary cause: H. Pyloric-a spiral shaped, gram negative bacteria that can survive in highly acidic environments

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19
Q

Patho of PUD

A

Each bacterium has a flagellum that drills a hole in the mucus creating a space for the organism to burrow into
H. Pylori secretes an enzyme that neutralizes hydrochloride acid in the stomach, allowing the bacteria to survive, mucous layer is weakend allowing. The HCL and pepsin back flow

20
Q

Other causes of PUD

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications NSAIDs: inhibit prostaglandins which leads to decreased gastric/duodenal mucus production
Many NSAIDs also have anticoagulant properties

Psychological stress

Excessive use of tobacco

21
Q

Intestinal vascular insufficiency

A

Ischemia of the intestines also known as me sent Eric vascular insufficiency or ischemic bowel disease

22
Q

Types of IVI

A

Transmural infarct
Complete cessation of blood flow to a section of the GI tract
Causes: arterial thrombus or thromboembolism in the superior or inferior mesenteric artery
Severe ischemia causes cramping and bowel wall necrosis

23
Q

Nonocclusive hypoperfusion

A

Chronic hypo-perfusion of the intestines

Causes: non-occlusive atherosclerosis, LVF

24
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Autoimmune, chronic inflammatory disease of the colon mucosa. Age of onset 15-30 years. Causes: include genetic and environmental factors

25
Q

Patho of UC

A

Autoimmune reaction epithelial cells lining the inside of the colon
Infiltration of inner layer of the colon by B and T lymphocytes
Extensive erosions colon’s mucosal lining leading to loss of surface area for absorption in colon
Colon necrosis and abscesses can develop

26
Q

Clinical manifestations UC

A

Periods of exacerbation and remissions. Can occur in mild and severe forms
Cramping abdominal pain
Lots of diarrhea, lower GI bleed, anal fissures and abscesses

27
Q

Crohn disease

A

Autoimmune, chronic inflammatory disease of the digestive tract wall affecting all layers and the entire length
Causes: include genetic and environmental factors

28
Q

Patho of Crohn’s disease

A

Gene mutation stimulates an overactive response to the GI bacteria leading to an auto immune reaction similar to UC
Inflammation, which affects the entire wall of the intestine
Mucosal injury occurs in skip lesions from the mouth to the anus

29
Q

Clinical manifestations and consequences of CD

A

Diarrhea
Malnutrition leading to weight loss
Bowel obstruction
Intestinal and anal fissures and abscesses

30
Q

GI bleed risk factors

A

Use of anti inflammatory medications

Liver cirrhosis

31
Q

Liver cirrhosis

A

Decreased clotting factor production

Portal hypertension and esophageal varices

32
Q

Causes of Uppper GI bleed

A

Esophagus: cancer or varices
Stomach: cancer or ulcers
Duodenum: ulcers

33
Q

Causes of lower GI bleed

A

Jejunum, ileum: diverticulitosis, Chiron disease
Colon: cancer, ulcerative colitis
Rectum: cancer, haemorrhoids

34
Q

Clinical manifestations of Acute GI bleed

A 
Hematemesis
Hematochezia(blood in stool) 
Melena (dark bloody stool)
Orthostatic hypotension 
Hypovolemia shock
35
Q

CF of chronic GI bleed

A

Trace amounts of blood in stool or GI secretions

Decreased hemoglobin/hematocrit with decreased plasma ferritin

36
Q

Consequences of liver disorders

A

Decreased to convert unconjugated bilirubin into conjugated bilirubin
Decrease production of albumin leading to reduced plasma oncotic pressure
Decreased production of inflammatory proteins

37
Q

Patho of portal hypertension

A

Obstruction to hepatic portal vein blood flow through liver
Varices form in tributaries to the hepatic portal vein.
Splenomegaly

38
Q

As cites

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

39
Q

Causes of ascites

A

Portal hypertension
Hypoalbuminemia
Fluid overload
Abdominal cancers

40
Q

Patho of ascites

A

Portal hypertension leads to increased hydrostatic pressure in the GI caps
Decreased plasma albumin due to liver failure also leads to decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Fluid leaks out of digestive. Capillaries and seeps into the peritoneal cavity

41
Q

Clinical consequences of ascites

A

Abdominal distinction
Hypovolemia and hypotension
Hypoxemia and hypercapnea leading to dysplastic

42
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Neurological syndrome caused by elevated plasma ammonia levels from advances liver disease

43
Q

Patho of HE

A

Normally ammonia is liberated during the process of protein breakdown
Hepatocyte injury/death leads to a buildup of ammonia in the blood
Ammonia leaks into the bloodstream and reaches the cerebral circulation

44
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis

A

Diffuse inflammatory and fibrotic disease of the liver caused by chronic and excessive alcohol consumption

45
Q

Patho of alcoholic cirrhosis

A

In hepatocytes, alcohol is matbolyzed to form acetaldehyde which interferes with cell function
Leads to inflammation
Scar tissue
Portal hypertension

46
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

Characterized by acute inflammation and injury to the pancreas

level 1 Patho Exam 3 (5 decks)

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