Muskuloskeletal

Question 1

Osteoporosis

Answer 1

A progressive bone disease whereby bones lose density, become thin, brittle and prone to fracture
Osteo: bone
Porosis: Brittle

Question 2

Risk factors Porosis

Answer 2

Age, female(estrogen dependent), ethnicity (Caucasians and Asians), small stature, low body weight, genetics, calcium or vitamin D deficiency, anorexic

Question 3

Patho of Porosis

Answer 3

Alterations in bone remodeling
Osteoclasts (destroyer) activity outworks osteoblasts
Bone resorption increases in conjunction with inadequate formation of new bone during remodeling

Question 4

Clinical consequences of Porosis

Answer 4

Bone fractures

Kyphosis (height loss, back pain, nerve impingement)

Question 5

Osteomalacia

Answer 5

Metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the bone tissue ‘rickets’

Question 6

Patho of Malacia

Answer 6

Most cases are from a vitamin d deficiency
Thinning on spongy bone and weakening of the compact bone
Bone thinning, fractures, bulging and deformation

Question 7

Pager Disease

Answer 7

Accelerated remodeling of bone tissues that leads to bone deformity and fractures

Question 8

Patho of Paget

Answer 8

Caused by genetic factors and maybe viral

1st: increase in osteoclasts activity (bone resorption), then the formation of new abnormal bone (large chin)

Question 9

Osteomyelitis

Answer 9

Bone infection, usually caused by a bacterial infection

Question 10

Patho of myelitis

Answer 10

Pathogen is transported through the bloodstream to the bone or the pathogen can spread from adjacent infected tissue
Increase of WBC
Leads to abscesses and bone necrosis

Question 11

Osteoarthritis (joint)

Answer 11

Chronic, degenerative, and inflammatory disease affecting synovial joints

Question 12

Patho of osteoarthritis

Answer 12

Cartilage degradation
Inflammation causes joint cartilage to soften, lose it slisten, then flakes and thins, fissures appear
Calypso of the joint space
Cysts or necrosis

Question 13

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 13

Systematic autoimmune disease that affects the synovial joints and other body systems

Question 14

Patho of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 14

Genetic susceptibility and possibly an environmental trigger stimulates response involving B and T lymphocytes
Antibodies and Tc cells cause damage to the synovial joint tissues

Question 15

Gout

Answer 15

Inflammatory syndrome caused by and excess of Uris acid in the blood and synovial fluid

Question 16

Causes of Gout

Answer 16

Genetics
Overconsumption of purine(meats)
Alcohol abuse
Renal failure

Question 17

Patho of Gout

Answer 17

Irate crystal deposition

Inflammatory response

Question 18

Consequences of gout

Answer 18

Abrupt attack lasting for hours or even weeks 
Joint becomes hot, red, tender, and swollen
Tophaceous gout: chronic state of disease (tophi causes joint stiffness)
Renal calculi (kidney stones
Chronic renal failure: unrated crystal deposits in the interstitial tissue