pulmonary defense mechanisms

Question 1

What is the organization of lymphoid tissue associated with the respiratory track?

Answer 1

BALT- bronchiole associated lymphoid tissue & MALT- mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
*BALT is a subset of MALT

Question 2

What is the mechanism responsible for preferential recirculation of lymphocytes to mucosal sites?

Answer 2

return to mucosal sites due to:

• expression of adhesion molecules
• binding of adhesion molecules to ligands on past capillary venules in mucosal sites
• ex once cells activ, they return to mucosal site to proliferate

Question 3

What are the components of the innate host defense for the respiratory track?

Answer 3

Anatomical barriers
cilia and mucus
Interferons- viral
cytokines
neutrophils
complement act by alternate pathway
lysozymes, defensins, opsonins

Question 4

what are the components of the adaptive immune response for the respiratory track?

Answer 4

B cells-secretory IgA
some T cells (not a lot so not as protective against viral)
NK cells
macrophages
granulocytes
dendritic cells

Question 5

What is a granuloma?

Answer 5

macrophages that fuse to form multinuclear giant cells
epithelioid cells
lymphocytes
mb neutrophils, fibroblasts

Question 6

What are the immune mechanisms involved in creating a granuloma?

Answer 6

1) macrophages phagocytize pathogen
2) IL 1, IL6, TNF alpha & IL 10, IL 12, IL 18
3) presented to CD 4 and CD 8
4) CD 4 act and secrete IL 2 and IFN gamma
5) Th1 preferentially stim
6) inflammation initiated

Question 7

Secretory vs. serum IgA

Answer 7

Secretory:
Dimeric (2 monomers joined by j and secretory piece)
Serum: 
monomeric
susceptible to protease cleavage

Question 8

HOw is secretory IgA produced?

Answer 8

1) antigen is picked up by APCs
2) T helper cells induced
3) J chain is made in the plasma cells
4) secretory component made by epithelial cells

Question 9

what is he function of sIgA?

Answer 9

cannot act complement
cannot serve as opsonin since if lacks Fc region
inhibits entry of pathogens through mucosa

Question 10

What cells are located in BALT?

Answer 10

IgA antibody

T and B cells

Question 11

What is the hypersensitivity analagous to granuloma formation?

Answer 11

Type IV

Question 12

What T cell causes B cells to switch from IgM? What else do you need?

Answer 12

TGF beta

CD 40

Question 13

which antibody is highest in circulation

Answer 13

IgG

Question 14

Which antibody is the first produced?

Answer 14

IgM

Question 15

what are some consequences of immune activation?

Answer 15

hypersensitivity
asthma
copd