Pulmonary/ cardiovascular

Question 1

Preload:

Answer 1

Refers to the tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole. It reflects the venous filling pressure that fills the Lt ventricle during diastole

Question 2

Afterload:

Answer 2

Refers to the forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart, primarily the pressure in the peripheral vasculature, the compliance of the aorta and the mass and viscosity of blood.

Question 3

Expiratory reserve volume:

Answer 3

Them maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation.

Question 4

Stroke volume:

Answer 4

Th volume of blood ejected by each contraction of the left ventricle

Question 5

Cardiac output:

Answer 5

The amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per minute,

Question 6

Endocardium:

Answer 6

The tissue that lines the interior of the heart and chambers and valves

Question 7

Epicardium:

Answer 7

The serous layer of the pericardium.The epicardium contains the epicardial coronary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics

Question 8

Pericardium:

Answer 8

The double walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside of the heart and great vessels

Question 9

S1 heart sound:

Answer 9

Lub:
1st heart sound- closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the onset of ventricular systole: High frequency sound with lower pitch and longer duration than S2

Question 10

S2 heart sound

Answer 10

Dub:
2nd heart sound- closure of the aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves at the onset of ventricular diastole: High frequency sound with higher pitch and shorter duration than S1

Question 11

S3 heart sound:

Answer 11

3rd heart sound: vibrations of the distended ventricle walls due to passive flow of blood from the atrial during the rapid filling phase of diastole

• Normal in healthy young children; termed physiologic 3rd hear should
• Abnormal in adults; may be associated with heart failure; often called ventricular gallop

Question 12

S4 heart sound:

Answer 12

4th heart sound: Pathological sound of vibration of the ventricular wall with ventricular filling and atrial contraction
-May be associated with hypertension, stenosis hypertensive heart disease or myocardial infection; often called an atrial gallop

Question 13

Adventitious breath sounds:

Answer 13

Abnormal breath sounds heart with inspiration and expiration that can be continuous or discontinuous

Question 14

Crackle breath sounds:

Answer 14

Abnormal, discontinuous, high-pitched popping sound heard more often during inspiration. May be associated with restrictive or obstructive respiratory disorders.

Question 15

Pleural friction rub:

Answer 15

Dry, crackling sound heard during both inspiration and expiration.

Question 16

Rhonchi breath sounds:

Answer 16

Continuous low-pitched sounds described as having a snoring or gurgling quality that may be heard during both inspiration and expiration

Question 17

Stridor: breath sounds

Answer 17

Continuous high pitched weeping heard with inspiration or expiration

Question 18

Wheeze: breath sounds

Answer 18

Continuous musical or whistling sound composed of a variety of pitches. Heard during both inspiration and or expiration, but variable from minute to minute and area to area.

Question 19

What is used to measure cardiac output:

Answer 19

Stroke volume and heart rate

Question 20

Location to palpate the posterior tibial artery is on the:

Answer 20

Posterior aspect of the medial malleolus

Question 21

pH of arterial blood:

Answer 21

7.4

Question 22

Hypoxemia:

Answer 22

low level of o2 in aerial blood

Question 23

Hypoxia:

Answer 23

low level of o2 in the tissue despite adequate perfusion of the tissue.

Question 24

P wave:

Answer 24

Atrail depolarization

Question 25

PR interval:

Answer 25

Time for atrial depolarization and conduction from the SA node to the AV node

Question 26

QRS complex:

Answer 26

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

Question 27

QT interval:

Answer 27

Time for both ventricular depolarization and repolarization

Question 28

ST segment:

Answer 28

Isoelectric period following QRS when the ventricles are depolarized

Question 29

T wave:

Answer 29

Ventricular repolarization

Question 30

Beta blockers?

Answer 30

Makes it difficult to reach ma heart rate. Decreasese oxygen demands by decreasing heart rate & myocardial contractility

Question 31

Nitrates:

Answer 31

Decrease ischemia through smooth mm relaxation during preload and after load. Used to treat angina pectoris by increasing flow to coronary arteries.
-Vasodiolator

Question 32

CPR compression depth:

• Adult
• Child
• Infants

Answer 32

Adult: at least 2 inches (5 cm)
Child: at least 1/3 AP depth ~ 2 inches (5 cm)
Infants: at least 1/3 AP depth ~ 1.5 inches (4 cm)

Question 33

Compression- to- ventilation ratios:

• Adult
• Child
• Infant

Answer 33

Adult: 30:2; 1-2 rescuers
Child: 30:2; Single
Infant: 15:2; 2 rescuers

Question 34

What is the most important measurement for a Pt after prolonged bed rest?

Answer 34

Systolic BP is the most important to monitor