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2. Physiology > Pulmonary Blood Flow > Flashcards

Pulmonary Blood Flow Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems for blood flow to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary Circulation
Bronchial Circulation

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2
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Total output of the right ventricle
Goes to alveoli low-pressure, high flow circulation

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3
Q

What is the flow of pulmonary circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood:
R. atrium –> R. ventricle –> alveolar capillaries (oxygenation) –> oxygenated blood flows to the l. heart

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4
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

Systemic circulation
L. atrium to l. ventricle to all tissues and organs
High pressure, low-flow circulation
~ 2% of left ventricular output

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5
Q

What does bronchial circulation supply?

A

Airways and other structures within lungs like branches of pulmonary arteries and veins

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6
Q

What are the two groups within pulmonary circulation?

A

Alveolar vessels
Extra-alveolar vessels

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7
Q

Alveolar vessels

A

Thin-walled capillaries in alveolar septa

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8
Q

Extra-alveolar vessels

A

Arteries, veins, arterioles, venules in bronchovascular bundle

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9
Q

Portal veins

A

Transport blood from capillaries to the left ventricle and also serve as a reservoir

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10
Q

How does muscle affect reactivity of pulmonary arteries?

A

Thick- pig, cattle
Intermediate- horse, llama
Thin -dogs and sheep
Thick muscles causing more contraction/ obstruction

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11
Q

Pulmonary Vascular resistance

A

PVR= (Ppa -Pla)/ Q
PPa- pulomnary arterial
Pla- left arterial pressure
Q- cardiac output

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12
Q

What are the factors influencing distribution of pulmonary blood with lung?

A

Gravity
Selective Vascularization

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13
Q

Selective vascularization

A

Dorsocaudal region is more vascularized in quadrupeds (blood flow not uniform)

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14
Q

Changes in vascular transmural pressure passively affect ___________

A

Vascular resistance

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15
Q

At residual volume, arteries are _______ but capillaries are _______

A
  1. Narrowed
  2. Distended
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16
Q

At TLC, capillaries are __________ but arteries are _______

A
  1. flattened
  2. distended
17
Q

What is a potent constrictor of pulmonary arteries?

A

Alveolar hypoxia
blood flow shunted and less O2 coming in

18
Q

The ____________ the tunica media the greater the _________ response to hypoxia

A
  1. thicker
  2. vasoconstrictive
    increased pressure
19
Q

Brisket disease (High Mountain Disease)

A

High-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH)
Altitude over 6,500 ft
Generalized hypoxia leading to right side heart failure (edema)

20
Q

Cor pulomale

A

When animals have generalized hypoxic vasoconstriction due to lung disease
Right side heart failure

21
Q

Localized hypoxic vasoconstriction

A

Beneficial
In poorly ventilated alveoli it limits blood flow (good adaption to redistribute blood to well ventilated alveoli)

22
Q

Normoxia

A

Dilator factors keep voltage-gated K channels open and pulmonary arterial smooth muscles don’t contract

23
Q

Hypoxia

A

Voltage-gated K channels close favoring depolarization and Ca influx
Smooth muscle contraction

24
Q

How does hypoxia keep muscle contracted?

A

K+ is trapped inside the cell
Cell remains positive and depolarized

25
Q

What does net sympathetic activation cause?

A

Vasoconstriction
e.g alpha adrenergic activation

26
Q

What does net parasympathetic activation cause?

A

Vasodilation
e.g. muscarinic receptor activation via NO

27
Q

What are the different types of vasodilators?

A

Nitric oxide
PGI2
BAR
MR

28
Q

What are the different types of vasoconstrictors?

A

ETA
ETB
aAR
PDE5

29
Q

How does exercise affect blood flow?

A

Increases up to 8x

30
Q

How else does pulmonary flow increase?

A

Due to high Ppa and flow induced release of NO (vasodilator) from endothelium

31
Q

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

A

High pressure in horses causing RBC leakage from pulmonary capillaries
85% racehorses
“nose bleed”

32
Q

What happens in bronchial circulation?

A

Forms anastomosis with pulmonary circulation
Vessels dilate during hypoxia
Forms vasa vasorum

2. Physiology (15 decks)

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