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2. Physiology > Central Control of Movement > Flashcards

Central Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heirarchy of motor control?

A

Cortex: planning
Mid-brain- Equilibrium
Brain stem- Posture
Spinal cord- Execution

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2
Q

Movements

A

Voluntary- skilled, learned, conscious
Involuntary- postural, antigravity

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3
Q

What are the 2 major groups of descending pathways?

A

Lateral pathways and ventromedial pathways

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4
Q

Lateral pathways

A

Involved in voluntary movement of the distal musculature (limbs)

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5
Q

Ventromedial pathways

A

Involved in the control of posture and locomotion

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6
Q

Corticospinal tract (lateral pathway)

A

Controls primary motor activity for the somatic motor system from the neck to the feet

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7
Q

Lesion of the corticospinal tract

A

Inability to manipulate the lips and tongue
Deficit in fore legs (muscle weakness)
Conscious proprioeptive deficit
Spastic paralysis

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8
Q

Rubrospinal tract (lateral pathway)

A

Control of muscle tone in flexor muscle groups (important for newborns)

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9
Q

Lesions in the rubrospinal tract

A

Ataxia (precise aiming at the target)
Impairment of distal movement (impaired ability to grasp)

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10
Q

Reticulospinal tract (ventromedial)

A

Excites flexors and inhibits extensors
Helps with voluntary movement staying at equilibrium

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11
Q

Lesion in the reticulospinal tract

A

lack of anticipatory adaption
Increased reflex activity
Impaired motor movement
Abnormal posture

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12
Q

Vestibulospinal tract (ventromedial)

A

Balancing system in the ear
Works when the body is in motion
Ipsilateral

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13
Q

Lesion in the vestibulospinal tract

A

Loss of antigravity muscle tone
Postural destabilization
Vestibular ataxia
Head and body will tilt to the injured side

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14
Q

Descending brainstem motor pathways to the spinal cord (rubrospinal)

A
  1. Motor cortices
  2. Red nucleus
  3. Rubrospinal tract
  4. Lateral white matter (lateral column) and lateral part of gray matter
    PNS
  5. Distal musculature
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15
Q

Descending brainstem motor pathways to the spinal cord (Reticulospinal)

A
  1. Motor circles
  2. Reticular formation
  3. Reticulospinal tract
  4. Medial white matter (ventral column) and medial part of gray matter
    PNS
  5. Axial proximal musculature
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16
Q

Descending brainstem motor pathways to the spinal cord (vestibulospinal)

A
  1. Sensory organs in head
  2. Vestibular nuclei
  3. Vestibulospinal tract
  4. Medial white matter (ventral column) and medial part of gray matter
    PNS
  5. Axial proximal musculature
17
Q

Brainstem

A

Motor and sensory functions for the face and head regions

18
Q

What centers does the brainstem control?

A

Respiration, cardiovascular, GIT (partially), equilibrium and eye movements (affected by lesions in the medulla)

19
Q

Central pattern generators

A

Produce the patterns of neural activity that underlie rhythmic motor behaviours
Generated centrally, without sensory feedback

20
Q

Where does CPG control in the brainstem?

A

Breathing, swallowing, chewing, and certain eye movements

21
Q

CPG for locomotion

A

Walking, trotting, cantering, scratching and paw shaking are within the spinal cord

22
Q

Somatotopic map of primary motor cortex

A

More than 50% to the upper motor system (face)
Next is hands
Not too much to the feet, legs and toes

23
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Primary motor cortex (discrete purposeful movements)
Premotor area (patterns of movement)
Supplemental motor area (bilateral movements, fixation movements)

24
Q

Inputs to motor cortex

A

Somatosensory, frontal, auditory, visual
Cerebellum and basal ganglia

25
Q

What is the function of the supplementary and premotor cortex

A

Sends axons into corticospinal corticobulbar tract descending brainstem motor pathways

26
Q

Basal ganglia location

A

Bunch of nuclei located on either side of thalamus

27
Q

What is the function of basal ganglia

A

Making of smooth motor movements
Change from one pattern to another
Programming and correcting movement while it’s happening
Postural control

28
Q

Corpus Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) afferents

A

From premotor and supplemental motor areas of cortex, somatosensory cortex, substania nigra

29
Q

Corpus Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) efferents

A

To globus pallidus, eventually back to cortex

30
Q

Corpus Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)

A

For gross movement initiation and visual limb placement

31
Q

Globus pallidus afferents

A

from the striatum and subthalamus

32
Q

Globus pallidus efferents

A

To substania, nigra, subthalamus, thalamus and RF

33
Q

Globus pallidus

A

For motor relay and tonic background contractions

34
Q

NTs

A

Dopamine (-): substantia nigra to caudate nucleus
ACh (+): from cortex to putamen and caudate
GABA (-): from caudate and putamen to globus pallidus and substania nigra

35
Q

Basal ganglia lesions produce _________

A

Contralateral signs

36
Q

Cerebellar lesions produce _________

A

Ipsilateral signs

2. Physiology (15 decks)

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