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2. Physiology > Overview and Ventilation of Lungs > Flashcards

Overview and Ventilation of Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

External respiration

A

Transport of O2 and CO2 between the environment and tissues

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2
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation (using oxygen to generate ATP in mitochondria)
Takes place in the tissues

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3
Q

What are the 4 processes involved in respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation (O2 in, CO2 out)
  2. Diffusion @ lung (alveoli)
  3. Gas transport in blood
  4. Diffusion @ tissue level
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4
Q

What does diffusion in the lung involve?

A

Occurs in the alveoli
O2 diffuses and is taken up by BVs

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5
Q

What does diffusion @ tissue level involve?

A

CO2 taken back to lungs for ventilation
O2 utilized by tissues

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6
Q

Why is the respiratory system important?

A

One of the vital signs to be assessed in TPR
Route of entry
Route for inhalant
Involved in vocalization, defense and metabolism

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7
Q

Nostrils (nares)

A

Airways start with nares
Paired external openings
Most pliable and dilatable in horse
Most rigid in pig

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8
Q

Horses are ____________ breathers

A

Obligate nasal

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9
Q

Upper airways

A

Portion that extends fro the nares or mouth to and including the larynx

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10
Q

Lower airways

A

Extends from the subglottis (trachea) to and including the terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

Generations

A

Progressive branchings made by airways
Alveoli start to bud off respiratory bronchioles around generation 17

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12
Q

Species generation differences

A

Humans: 0-26
Horses: 43

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13
Q

What happens when generation number increases?

A

Amount of cilia, # of mucus secreting cells, submucosal glands and cartilages decrease

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14
Q

Cartilage in the airways

A

Cartilage maintained until several branching from trachea (10th gen.), then referred to as Bronchi
Prevent airways from collapsing
Bronchioles are cartilage free

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15
Q

Alveoli air spaces

A

Gas exchange takes place
Density increases with generation number
Alveolar ducts terminate as blind alveolar sacs (gen 26)

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16
Q

Terminal respiratory unit

A

Aggregation of airways arising from a terminal bronchiole along with associated blood and lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

Respiratory membrane makeup (out to in)

A

Alveolar fluid (with surfactant)
Alveolar epith.
BM of alveolar epith.
Interstitial space
BM of capillary endothelium
Capillary endothelium
Diffusion of CO2
Diffusion of O2
RBC

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18
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Blood-air barrier
Gas diffusion compromised if this compromised

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19
Q

What does O2 consumption depend on?

A

The level activity (metabolic rate)
O2 requirements may increase up to 30x during strenuous exercise

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20
Q

Which species has a greater O2 demand?

A

Horse and dog

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21
Q

Basal (resting metabolism)

A

Smaller species consume more O2 per Kg of bodyweight than do larger species

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22
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

Consists of an inspiratory phase followed by an expiratory phase

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23
Q

Inspiration

A

Chest cavity increase and abdominal structures pushed down
Increased abdominal pressure and volume of the thoracic cavity
Decreased thoracic cavity, alveolar/pulmonary and intrapleural pressure

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24
Q

Expiration

A

Opposite of inspiration
Passive process
Relaxation of muscles, recoil of lungs, air outflow

25
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs
Direction of movement is affected by relationship between intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures

26
Q

Inhalation and exhalation pressure vs. outside environment

A

Inhalation: P inside < P outside
Exhalation: P inside > P outside
Rest (no flow): P inside = P outside

27
Q

Intrapleaural space

A

Sealed cavity
Pull-on lungs (inflate)
V is inversely proportional to P

28
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

In a closed container:
V = K/P
PV= K
K=constant

29
Q

What pressures are involved in ventilation?

A

PB= barometric (atmospheric)
PA = alveolar (pulmonary)
PIP = intrapleural (PPL)

30
Q

Intrapleural pressure in always below ________

A

Atmospheric pressure (negative pressure)

31
Q

Transpulmonary pressure (PTP)

A

PA- PIP = PTP

32
Q

How are the pressures at rest?

A

End of expiration
PA= PB

33
Q

Pressures during inspiration

A

Increase in size of chest wall:
Decreases PIP, decline in PA and subsequent airflow into the lungs

34
Q

Where would PIP be highest in domestic animals

A

Ventral aspect of the lungs (close to sternum)

35
Q

What major muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm (phrenic n.) and intercostals (internal and external)

36
Q

What are the secondary muscles involved in inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastroid
Neck and back muscles
Scalenes

37
Q

T/F: There are no primary muscles of expiration

A

TRUE
passive process

38
Q

What muscles are involved in forced expiration? (asthma, exercise)

A

Abdominal muscles and intercostals

39
Q

How are volume and pressure determined?

A

Using Spirometry (vol) and plethysmographs (P)

40
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Volume of each breath (rest level breathing)

41
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Extra air you breathe in after inhalation

42
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Volume of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

43
Q

Expiratory residual volume (ERV)`

A

Volume of air you can further exhale after exhalation

44
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

ERV + TV + IRV (maximum achievable TV)

44
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

TV + IRV

45
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

@ maximum inhalation, max volume of air
RV + ERV + TV + IRV

46
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Volume remaining in lungs after exhalation
ERV + RV

47
Q

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

A

Should be 80% of vital capacity in a healthy adult

48
Q

Dead space

A

Where no gas exchange takes place
Anatomic + Alveolar dead space= physiologic dead space
DV= dead space air

49
Q

Anatomic dead space

A

Conductive airways
nares to terminal bronchioles

50
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

Poorly perfused alveoli, limited to no exchange

51
Q

Respiratory frequency (f)

A

Number of breaths per minute

52
Q

Minute ventilation

A

VE= TV x f = (AV + DV) x f

53
Q

What happens in deadspace?

A

Air is cleaned, moistened and warmed

54
Q

Dead space/ tidal volume ratio

A

DV/TV: the fraction of each breath ventilating in dead space
30% in dogs
50-75% in cattle and horse

55
Q

What is tidal volume and f responsible for?

A

Altering the amount of air ventilating the alveoli during exercise and thermoregulation

56
Q

Heat stress

A

Dogs (panting) small increase in TC, f and deadspace ventilation, evaporation, and heat loss
Large animals: Increase in f, DS ventilation and heat loss present

57
Q

Cold stress

A

Increase metabolism (O2 consumption, CO2 production that needs to be eliminated)
Increased alveolar ventilation (increase TV)
Decrease in DS ventilation and f

2. Physiology (15 decks)

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