Pulmonary Assessments Flashcards
1
Q
The lungs in special populations
A
- pregnancy: increased circumference of the ribs + diaphragm rises
- pediatrics: increased alveoli number and size + chest shape differs
- geriatrics: decreased lung elasticity + loss of muscle strength + impaired repiratory volume
2
Q
Pulmonary Function Tests
A
- airflow rates
- lung volumes
- gas exchange across alveoli
(examples: spirometry + peak flow meter + arterial blood gases)
3
Q
FEV1
A
Volume of air expired in the first second of the blow
4
Q
FVC
A
Total volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one breath
5
Q
FEV1/FVC
A
Fraction of air exhaled in the first second relative to the total volume exhaled
6
Q
COPD
A
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7
Q
CXR
A
Chest x-ray
8
Q
SOB
A
shortness of breath
9
Q
DOE
A
Dyspnea on exertion
10
Q
CAP/HAP
A
Community/Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
11
Q
PNA
A
Pneumonia
12
Q
COPD Epidemiology
A
- more common in >65 years old
- multiracial, American Indians or Alaska NAtives
- Former smokers or history of asthma
13
Q
COPD Basic Pathophysiology
A
- chronic inflammation of the lungs due to exposure to noxious particles or gases (smoke)
- progressive and debilitating
14
Q
COPD characterized by
A
- mucous gland enlargement
- ciliary abnormalities
- inflammation
- thickening of bronchial cell wall
- alveolar changes
- loss of elastic recoil
15
Q
COPD Signs & Symptoms
A
- dyspnea
- chronic cough
- chronic sputum production
- barrel chest
- accessory muscle use
- pursed lip breathing
- chest pain
- decreased breath sounds
- wheezing
- inspiratory crackles
- decreased FEV1
- ***History of smoking
16
Q
Spirometry in COPD
A
- normal or increased FVC
- FEV1/FVC is <70%
17
Q
COPD Treatment: Acute Exacerbation
A
- minimize negative impact of current exacerbation
- prevent recurrence of events
18
Q
COPD Treatment: Chronic
A
- reduce symtoms
- reduce frequency and severity of exacerbations
- improve exercise tolerance
- improve health status
19
Q
COPD Inpatient
A
- supplemental oxygen
- inhaled/nebulized bronchodilators
- antibiotics
- steroids
20
Q
COPD Outpatient
A
- inpatient
- oral medications: steroids + antibiotics
- vaccinations
21
Q
COPD Complications from disease progression
A
- worsening cough, dyspnea and sputum productions
- more frequent hospital admissions
- the need for home nebulizer treatments or home ventilation
22
Q
Asthma Epidemiology
A
- 7.9% of Americans have diagnosis (8.4% of children)
- 10% of Indiana residents
- attributed to more than 1.7 million emergency department visits/year
23
Q
Asthma Basic Pathophysiology
A
- chronic inflammation of the airways
- pathologic features: bronchiolar constrictin; mucus hypersecretion; inflammatory swelling; airway hyper-responsiveness
24
Q
Asthma Common Signs & Symptoms
A
- wheezing
- coughing (particularly at night)
- dyspnea
- chest pain/tightness
- decreased FEV1
- change in inhaler use
- possible activity interference
25
Spirometry in Asthma
- decreased FEV1
- normal or increased FVC
- decreased FEV1/FVC
26
Asthma Treatment: Acute Exacerbation
- minimize negative impact of current exacerbation
| - prevent recurrence of events
27
Asthma Treatment: Chronic
- achieve asthma control
- enable patient to live without functional limitations
- prevent impairment in quality of life
- minimize risk of adverse events
28
Asthma Exacerbation
- short acting inhaler
- oral steroids
- supplemental oxygen
- if severe, may require airway placement (intubation)
29
Asthma Preventative
- inhalers: short acting + long acting
- oral medications
- injectable medications
- vaccinations
30
Asthma complications from disease progression
- loss of lung function or reduced lung growth
- more frequent hospital admissions or ED visits
- the need for home nebulizer treatments or home ventilation
***emphasize importance of health lifestyle and proper inhaler techniques for asthma control
31
Types of Pulmonary infections
- pneumonia
- pertussis
- influenza
- histoplasmosis
32
Causative Organisms for Pulmonary infections
- bacterial
- mycobacterial
- viral
- fungal
33
Pulmonary Infections - Common Signs & Symptoms
- cough
- fever
- sputum
- chest tightness
- aches and pains
- sore throat
- wheezing
- chills
- dyspnea
- headache
34
Lung Infection Goals of Infection Management
- eradication of the infecting organism
- prevention of complications or worsening of infection
- smoking cessation
- vaccinations against infection
35
Lung infection: Complications from Disease Progression
- acute respiratory distress or respiratory failure
- development of resistant bacterial organisms
***emphasize importance of completing antibiotic course, smoking cessation and vaccinations
36
Signs of lung infections
- impaired oxygen saturation
| - elevated WBC count
37
Symptoms of lung infections
- shortness of breath
- cough
- chest pain
- GI upset
- fever
38
Complications from lung infection disease progression
- acute respiratory distress or respiratory failure
| - death
