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828 Dosage Forms > Pulmonary Assessments > Flashcards

Pulmonary Assessments Flashcards

1
Q

The lungs in special populations

A
  • pregnancy: increased circumference of the ribs + diaphragm rises
  • pediatrics: increased alveoli number and size + chest shape differs
  • geriatrics: decreased lung elasticity + loss of muscle strength + impaired repiratory volume
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2
Q

Pulmonary Function Tests

A
  • airflow rates
  • lung volumes
  • gas exchange across alveoli
    (examples: spirometry + peak flow meter + arterial blood gases)
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3
Q

FEV1

A

Volume of air expired in the first second of the blow

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4
Q

FVC

A

Total volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one breath

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5
Q

FEV1/FVC

A

Fraction of air exhaled in the first second relative to the total volume exhaled

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6
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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7
Q

CXR

A

Chest x-ray

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8
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

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9
Q

DOE

A

Dyspnea on exertion

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10
Q

CAP/HAP

A

Community/Hospital Acquired Pneumonia

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11
Q

PNA

A

Pneumonia

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12
Q

COPD Epidemiology

A
  • more common in >65 years old
  • multiracial, American Indians or Alaska NAtives
  • Former smokers or history of asthma
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13
Q

COPD Basic Pathophysiology

A
  • chronic inflammation of the lungs due to exposure to noxious particles or gases (smoke)
  • progressive and debilitating
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14
Q

COPD characterized by

A
  • mucous gland enlargement
  • ciliary abnormalities
  • inflammation
  • thickening of bronchial cell wall
  • alveolar changes
  • loss of elastic recoil
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15
Q

COPD Signs & Symptoms

A
  • dyspnea
  • chronic cough
  • chronic sputum production
  • barrel chest
  • accessory muscle use
  • pursed lip breathing
  • chest pain
  • decreased breath sounds
  • wheezing
  • inspiratory crackles
  • decreased FEV1
  • ***History of smoking
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16
Q

Spirometry in COPD

A
  • normal or increased FVC

- FEV1/FVC is <70%

17
Q

COPD Treatment: Acute Exacerbation

A
  • minimize negative impact of current exacerbation

- prevent recurrence of events

18
Q

COPD Treatment: Chronic

A
  • reduce symtoms
  • reduce frequency and severity of exacerbations
  • improve exercise tolerance
  • improve health status
19
Q

COPD Inpatient

A
  • supplemental oxygen
  • inhaled/nebulized bronchodilators
  • antibiotics
  • steroids
20
Q

COPD Outpatient

A
  • inpatient
  • oral medications: steroids + antibiotics
  • vaccinations
21
Q

COPD Complications from disease progression

A
  • worsening cough, dyspnea and sputum productions
  • more frequent hospital admissions
  • the need for home nebulizer treatments or home ventilation
22
Q

Asthma Epidemiology

A
  • 7.9% of Americans have diagnosis (8.4% of children)
  • 10% of Indiana residents
  • attributed to more than 1.7 million emergency department visits/year
23
Q

Asthma Basic Pathophysiology

A
  • chronic inflammation of the airways

- pathologic features: bronchiolar constrictin; mucus hypersecretion; inflammatory swelling; airway hyper-responsiveness

24
Q

Asthma Common Signs & Symptoms

A
  • wheezing
  • coughing (particularly at night)
  • dyspnea
  • chest pain/tightness
  • decreased FEV1
  • change in inhaler use
  • possible activity interference
25
Q

Spirometry in Asthma

A
  • decreased FEV1
  • normal or increased FVC
  • decreased FEV1/FVC
26
Q

Asthma Treatment: Acute Exacerbation

A
  • minimize negative impact of current exacerbation

- prevent recurrence of events

27
Q

Asthma Treatment: Chronic

A
  • achieve asthma control
  • enable patient to live without functional limitations
  • prevent impairment in quality of life
  • minimize risk of adverse events
28
Q

Asthma Exacerbation

A
  • short acting inhaler
  • oral steroids
  • supplemental oxygen
  • if severe, may require airway placement (intubation)
29
Q

Asthma Preventative

A
  • inhalers: short acting + long acting
  • oral medications
  • injectable medications
  • vaccinations
30
Q

Asthma complications from disease progression

A
  • loss of lung function or reduced lung growth
  • more frequent hospital admissions or ED visits
  • the need for home nebulizer treatments or home ventilation

***emphasize importance of health lifestyle and proper inhaler techniques for asthma control

31
Q

Types of Pulmonary infections

A
  • pneumonia
  • pertussis
  • influenza
  • histoplasmosis
32
Q

Causative Organisms for Pulmonary infections

A
  • bacterial
  • mycobacterial
  • viral
  • fungal
33
Q

Pulmonary Infections - Common Signs & Symptoms

A
  • cough
  • fever
  • sputum
  • chest tightness
  • aches and pains
  • sore throat
  • wheezing
  • chills
  • dyspnea
  • headache
34
Q

Lung Infection Goals of Infection Management

A
  • eradication of the infecting organism
  • prevention of complications or worsening of infection
  • smoking cessation
  • vaccinations against infection
35
Q

Lung infection: Complications from Disease Progression

A
  • acute respiratory distress or respiratory failure
  • development of resistant bacterial organisms

***emphasize importance of completing antibiotic course, smoking cessation and vaccinations

36
Q

Signs of lung infections

A
  • impaired oxygen saturation

- elevated WBC count

37
Q

Symptoms of lung infections

A
  • shortness of breath
  • cough
  • chest pain
  • GI upset
  • fever
38
Q

Complications from lung infection disease progression

A
  • acute respiratory distress or respiratory failure

- death

828 Dosage Forms (8 decks)

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