Pulmonary Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

Where is the “angle of the Louis”?

Answer 1

Attachment of the 2nd rib & the tracheal bifurcation.

Question 2

The Parietal portion of the pleura (around the lungs) pulls the chest in which direction?

Answer 2

Outward

Question 3

The Visceral portion of the pleura (around the lungs) pulls the chest in which direction?

Answer 3

Inward

Question 4

What are some abnormal lung sounds?

Answer 4

Crackle, Wheeze, Rhonchus, and Pleural Friction Rub

Question 5

What do abnormal lung sounds indicate?

Answer 5

Pathologic changes in the tracheobronchial tree

Question 6

What is Tidal Volume (TV)?

Answer 6

Volume of gas inhaled/exhaled during normal resting breath.

Question 7

What is a normal TV?

Answer 7

500mL (or) 5L @ rest

Question 8

What is IRV & ERV (Reserve Volume’s)?

Answer 8

Volume of gas that can be inhaled/exhaled beyond a normal resting tidal inhalation (IRV) / exhalation (ERV).

Question 9

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

Answer 9

Volume of gas that remains in the lungs after ERV has been exhaled.

Question 10

What is Vital Capacity?

Answer 10

IRV + TV + ERV

(amount of air that is under volitional control)

Question 11

What is Vital Capacity typically measured as?

Answer 11

FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)

Question 12

What is a typical range for FVC & what is it influenced by?

Answer 12

3-5L/min (influenced by body size)

Question 13

What is Inspiratory Capacity?

Answer 13

IRV + TV

(the amount of air that can be inhaled)

Question 14

What is Functional Residual Capacity?

Answer 14

ERV + RV

(the amount of air that resides in the lungs after a normal resting tidal exhalation)

Question 15

What is Total Lung Capacity?

Answer 15

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

(the total amount of air that is contained within the thorax during a max inspiratory effort)

Question 16

Airway obstruction would be described as?

Answer 16

Air gets in, but expiration is difficult.

Question 17

Airway restriction would be described as?

Answer 17

Hard for air to get in

(lungs get stiff & lose compliance)

Question 18

What is FEV1?

Answer 18

The amount of air exhaled during the 1st sec of FVC

Question 19

What is a healthy FEV1%?

Answer 19

> 70%

Question 20

What is FEF (Forced Expiratory Flow Rate)?

Answer 20

The slope of a line drawn between 25% & 75% points of exhaled volume on a FVC exhalation curve.

Question 21

In terms of FEV1/FVC Ratios, what are some obstructive disorders?

Answer 21

Question 22

In terms of FEV1/FVC Ratios, what are some restrictive disorders?

Answer 22

Question 23

Optimal respiration occurs when what occurs?

Answer 23

Ventilation & Perfusion (blood flow to the lungs) are matched.

Question 24

What is a Shunt?

Answer 24

No respiration b/c of an abnormality

> collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange.

Question 25

What is Dead Space?

Answer 25

Well ventilated with no respiration (anatomical or physiological)

Question 26

What effect does upright body position posture have on VE & Q?

Answer 26

- Gravity Dependent Perfusion (Q) - Greater change in VE - Ventilation Perfusion Ratio (V/Q) is High

Question 27

The right lung has how ___ lobes & what are their names?

Answer 27

3 lobes, Superior, Inferior, and Middle Lobes

Question 28

The superior lobe of the (R) lung, can be divided into what 3 segments?

Answer 28

Apical Posterior Anterior

Question 29

The inferior lobe of the (R) lung, can be divided into what 5 segments?

Answer 29

Superior Posterior Basal Medial Basal Lateral Basal Anterior Basal

Question 30

The middle lobe of the (R) lung, can be divided into what 2 segments?

Answer 30

Lateral Medial

Question 31

Explain the bifurcation of the trachea to each corresponding lobe segment for the right lunge.

Answer 31

Right Upper Lobe Bronchus > Superior Lobe Right Middle Bronchus > Middle Lobe Right Lower Lobe Bronchus > Inferior Lobe

Question 32

The left lung has how ___ lobes & what are their names?

Answer 32

2 lobes, Superior Lobe & Inferior Lobe

Question 33

The superior lobe of the (L) lung, can be divided into what 4 segments?

Answer 33

Apicoposterior Anterior Superior Lingular Inferior Lingular

Question 34

The inferior lobe of the (L) lung, can be divided into what 4 segments?

Answer 34

Superior Anteromedial Basal Posterior Basal Lateral Basal

Question 35

Explain the bifurcation of the trachea to each corresponding lobe segment for the left lunge.

Answer 35

Left Upper Lobe Bronchus > Superior Lobe Left Lower Lobe Bronchus > Inferior Lobe

Question 36

How many lung segments are there for each lung?

Answer 36

Right Lung: 10 segments Left Lung: 8 segments

Question 37

Intercostals (Internal & External) contribute as accessory respiratory muscles how?

Answer 37

External > Assist Inspiration Internal > Assist Expiration