Pulmonary Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Ventilation ≠ Respiration
- Ventilation: movement of AIR into and outside the body.
- Respiration: process by which we take in O2 and throw off CO2.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Functional movement of the thorax:
- Pump handle: anterior and superior motion of the sternum and upper rib cage.
- Bucket handle: lateral and superior motion of the ribs.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Principal muscles of inspiration:
- DIAPHRAGM: primary muscle of inspiration.
- INTERCOSTALS: ext & int
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
What are the 2 main purposes of the thorax?
- Attachment for mm of ventilation.
- Houses lungs and mediastinum
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
the thorax is made up of:
- 12 thoracic Vertebrae: provide stability
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Sternum:
- Manubrium: ribs 1 and 2
- Body: ribs 3-7
- Sternal angle: leveled with the carina and about the 5th thoracic vertebrae.
- 12 Ribs: Attachment for muscles, protection of organs.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Movement of the thorax increases where?
Inferiorly and anteriorly, so it is more stable posteriorly and superiorly
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
What is the sequence of normal breathing?
- Diaphragm: rises the abdomen.
- Abdominals: allow lateral costal expansion of the lower chest.
- Intercostals: gentle rise of the of the upper rib cage sup and ant.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Principal muscles of INSPIRATION:
- Diaphragm: flattens over the abd cavity. Causes chest to expand laterally and lower ribs to elevate. Depends on abdominal and intercostals for optimal diaphragmatic breathing.
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Intercostals:
- Internal: lower the ribs, decrease pressure.
- External: elevate the ribs, increase pressure.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
When internal and external intercostals contract:
Elevate the ribs
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Upward movement of upper ribs increases _________________ diameter of chest.
anterior and posterior
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Elevation of lower ribs increases ________ diameter of the chest.
longitudinal (transverse)
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
This principal muscle of inspiration flattens over abd contents, and decreases intrathoracic cavity pressure:
DIAPHRAGM
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
What is the amount percentage of the diaphragm’s work in breathing?
How much of the tidal volume does it provide?
60 - 70% Of the work providing 2/3 - 3/4 of the tidal volume
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
3 origins of the diaphragm:
- Posterior xiphoid.
- Ant lumbar vertebrae & arcuate ligaments.
- Inner surface of costal cartilage 6 to 12.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
How does the diaphragm level changes in relation to positioning?
- Supine: higher in thorax, larger inspiratory excursion, but harder to get a deep breath.
- Sitting: lower, easier to get a deep breath.
- Sidelying: lower side is higher.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Muscles of exhalation:
- Exhalation is passive.
- Forceful exhalation uses abdominal muscles to depress the ribs and compress abdominal contents,
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Innervation of the diaphragm:
Phrenic nerve C3 to C5
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
What happens during a concentric diaphragmatic contraction?
Quiet forceful inhalation.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
What happens during a eccentric diaphragmatic contraction?
Controlled exhalation and speech.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Function of the intercostal muscles:
Stabilize rib cage during inhalation and prevent chest wall from moving inward toward the negative pressure.
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Innervation of the intercostals muscles:
T1 to T12
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Upper chest intercostals expand the chest in which direction?
Superior and anterior
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Lower chest intercostals expand the chest in which direction?
Lateral and superior
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Eccentric contraction of the intercostals is needed for what?
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Controlled exhalation and speech:
- Vocal folds control exhalation speed.