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Mod 3 > Pulmonary A&P > Flashcards

Pulmonary A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What involves the gas exchange pump? (conduction pathway)

A

Lung Tissue and airways
conducts airflow from outside –> alveoli and –> alveolar-capillary membrane

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2
Q

What involves the musculoskeletal ventilatory pump? what does is allow?

A

thoracic rib cage, cervical and thoracic spine, upper pelvic area and respiratory muscles
allow attachment for respiratory muscles and support/protection for lung

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3
Q

Where is the respiratory center located?

A

Medulla and Pons

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4
Q

what type of receptors respond to CO2 and pH in blood?

A

central chemoreceptors

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5
Q

What receptors can stimulate a change in RR?

A

central chemoreceptors

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6
Q

What is the primary stimulus in the control of ventilation? what is the secondary drive?

A

CO2 (CO2 and changes in pH)
O2 is secondary

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7
Q

What type of receptors in carotid and aortic arch respond to O2 and CO2

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

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8
Q

What is the pathway flow of air?

A

air in through nose or mouth
nasopharynx/oropharynx
trachea
carina (bifurcation) to many little airways
3 lobes of R or 2 lobes of L
lung tissue - parenchyma
alveoli

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9
Q

When we inhale the diaphragm ___
and the ___ muscle widens with the ribs

A

contracts and moves downward
external intercostals

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10
Q

The lower ribs do what kind of movements?

A

Lateral and A/P
bucket handle

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11
Q

The upper ribs do what kind of movements?

A

superior and outward elevation of thorax
pump handle

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12
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone? how many generation?

A

anything above bronchioles and alveoli sacs
warms and humidifies inspired air
filters and cleans
up to 16

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13
Q

How are particles trapped and taken out after breathing them in?

A

trapped in mucus
cilia moves it up and out to cough/blow nose

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14
Q

What is the function of the transitional and respiratory zone? how many generations?

A

includes respiratory bronchials and alveoli sacs
gas exchange b/w 1 alveoli and capillary
17+ generations

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15
Q

Where would you see turbulent flow in the airway?

A

trachea (big spaces)

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16
Q

Where would you expect to see laminar flow?

A

narrow airways (straight airways)

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17
Q

___: distensibility of tissues, promotes lung expansion, amount of pressure needed to expand tissues

A

compliance

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18
Q

decreased compliance = __ work = __ pressure to expand lungs

A

more work and more pressure

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19
Q

___: force which promotes return to normal, resistance to change

A

elastance

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20
Q

in an obstructive problem there is (increased or decreased) resistance?

A

increased

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21
Q

in obstructive you have decreased ___ making it harder to expand

A

estensibility? making it harder for airway to expand

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22
Q

in restrictive there is (increased or decreased) compliance?

A

decreased compliance
alveoli don’t want to open up

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23
Q

what happens to forces expiration in an obstructive disease?

A

airway starts to close down from pressure increase

24
Q

What is closing volume?
What causes this?

A

while breathing the point which the airways begins to collapse
breathing hard causes closing

25
Q

people with COPD what happens to the airway as they breath hard over time

A

airway closing happens closer to quiet breathing –> air trapping

26
Q

someone with restrictive will have (increase or decrease) lung volume?
How is this related to compliance?

A

less volume
takes more pressure to get air in leading to smaller volume in lungs

27
Q

What is the work of breathing?
What is the relationship with pressure and volume

A

work required to overcome airway and tissue resistance
Pressure X volume (proportinal)

28
Q

What is normal work of breathing at rest?

A

<5%

29
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

provide surface stability and prevents collapse of alveolar structures

30
Q

surfactant:
increases __ of lung
__ work of breaking
promotes __ of alveoli

A

compliance
decreases
stability

31
Q

surfactant:
secreted by ___
helps overcome __ to allow alveoli to expand

A

Type 2 alveolar cells
surface tension

32
Q

When is surfactant start to be produced? When does fetus have sufficient amount for independent respiration?

A

24-28 weeks gestation
34-35 weeks

33
Q

What kind of cells make up mucociliary transport and thier functions?

A

goblet cells: secrete mucus
Ciliated epithelial cells: move fluid
particulate matter stopped at multiple sites

34
Q

What is someone mucociliary transport paralyzed, what are they at risk for?

A

anesthesia
pneumonia

35
Q

___: air moving in/out of lungs for distribution to alveoli

A

ventilation

36
Q

__: gas transported to/from lungs and cells in blood passing through pulm capillaries for gas exchange

A

Perfusion

37
Q

___: air moving to cross alveolar capillary membrane

A

diffusion

38
Q

When we sit upright where is ventilation highest? Where is perfusion highest?

A

upper lungs
weight of blood pushes down - lower lungs

39
Q

when supine where is best ventilation and best perfusion?

A

ventilation: anterior
perfusion: posterior

40
Q

When we are lying on L side, where is best ventilation and perfusion?

A

ventilation: R lung
perfusion: L lung

41
Q

Where are you are greatest risk of pneumonia? (area of high ventilation or area of high perfusion)

A

area of higher perfusion because it is getting less ventilation

42
Q

What position gives more opportunity for ventilation?

A

Prone

43
Q

What is dead space? (blocked capillary)

A

Ventilation with no perfusion

44
Q

What is shunt? (blocked airway)

A

perfusion with no ventilation

45
Q

PEFR:

A

initial peak with max exhilation

46
Q

FEV1:
What is is used to evaluate?

A

amount exhaled after 1 second - used to evaluate bronchodilator effectiveness

47
Q

FEV25 -75:
what info?

A

middle 50% of exhalation
info about state of small - middle sized airways

48
Q

FVC:

A

total volume expired with max effort

49
Q

What is FEV1/FVC in normal, restrictive, and obstructive?

A

norm: 75%
restrictive: 83%
obstructive: 25%

50
Q

What is DLCO?
What is it measuring?
What is the norm?

A

diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide
overall function of the alveolar/capillary membrane
75-140% predicted

51
Q

decreased surface ares or increased thickness of membrane will (increase or decrease) DCLO

A

decrease

52
Q

What type of condition (4) will have decrease DLCO

A

emphysema
interstitial lung disease
pulmonary hypertension
smoking

53
Q

What types of conditions (3) will have increased DLCO

A

exercise
asthma
supine position

54
Q

why does exercise increase DLCO

A

recruitment of capillaries

55
Q

why does supine position increase DLCO

A

increased pulmonary capillary blood volume

Mod 3 (6 decks)

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