Pulmonary Flashcards
Croup - definition, causes
infection of the upper airway
- MC: Parainfluenza type 1+ 2
RSV is 2nd MC
Croup - presentation
barking cough, coryza, inspiratory stridor
- difficulty breathing when lying down and may show signs of hypoxia such as peripheral cyanosis and accessory muscle use
Croup - x-ray
STEEPLE SIGN: narrowing of the air column in the trachea
RARELY DONW AND IS ALWAYS WRONG ANSWER
Croup - diagnostic
clinically, can be aided by radiology if the symptoms are mild
it helps to differentiate croup from epiglotitis
hypoxia
croup: hypoxia on presentation
epiglottitis: hypoxia imminent
Croup - treatment
mild: steroids
moderate - severe: racemic epinephrine
epiglottitis - definition / causes
severe, life threatening swelling of the epiglottitis and arytenoids
- H. influenza type B
epiglottitis - presentation
HISTORY OF VACCINATION DELINQUENCY with:
- potato voice
- fever
- drooling in the tripod position
- refusal to lie flat
- CHERRY RED EPIGLOTITIS
epiglottitis - x-ray
thumbprint signs
epiglottitis vs croup on x-ray
epiglottitis - thumbprint signs
croup - steeple sign
epiglottitis - diagnosis
clinically
epiglottitis - treatment
- incubate (in OR in case unsuccesful intubation makes tracheostomy necessary
- ceftriaxone for 7-10d
- Rifampin for all close contacts
epiglottitis vs croup on season
croup: winter
epiglottitis: year round
epiglottitis vs croup - most accurate test
croup: PCR
epiglottitis: C+S from tracheal aspirate
Whooping cough - definition / causes
form of bronhitis caused by Bortetella pertusis
Whooping cough - presentation
catarrhal stage: congestion and rhinorrhea: 14d
paroxysmal stage: severe coughing with extreme gasp of air (inspiratory whoop) followed by vomiting (14-30 days duration)
Convalescent: decrease of frequency of cough: 14d in duration
burst blood vessels in the eyes
Whooping cough - diagnostic tests
- clinically diagnosis
- Butterfly pattern on chest x-ray
- PCR of nasal secretions or Bartonella pertusis toxin
Whooping cough - treatment
- Erytrhomycin or azithrom aids only in the catarrhal stage, not in the paroxysmal
- isolate the child
- macrolides in close contacts
- DTaP vaccine
Bronchitis - etiology / presentation / diagnosis / treatment
- bacteria and viruses
- produtive cough lasting 7-10 d
- clinical diagnosis
- supportive treatment
Diphtheria - treatment
antitoxin (antibiotics do not work)
Bronchiolitis - definition and etiology
viral infection of bronchioles caused by RSV (MC) or parainfluenza virus TYPE 3 (less common)
Bronchiolitis - season and age
winter and spring in children younger than 2
Bronchiolitis - presentation
nasal, cough, RESPIRATORY distress, WHEEZING, fever, crackles, prolonged expiration, hyperresonance to percussion