Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pediatrics > cardiology > Flashcards

cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Right-to-Left shunts diseases

A
  1. Truncus arteriosus
  2. D-Transposition of great vessels
  3. Tricuspid atresia
  4. Tetralogy of Fallot
  5. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Persistent truncus arteriosus pathophysiology (due to)

A

Truncus arteriosus fails to divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta –> LARGE VESSEL ARISING FROM BOTH VENTRICLES
- lack of aorticopulm septum formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Truncus arteriosus - clinical examination

A
  • single S2 (only 1 semilunar valve) and a systolic ejection
  • peripheral pulses are bounding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Truncus arteriosus - Diagnostic tests

A

chest x-ray: cardiomegaly with increased pulm marking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Truncus arteriosus - treatment

A

the most severe sequela is pulmonary hypertension, which will develop within 4 weeks –> surgery must be completed early to prevent pulm hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

D-transposition of great vessels - definition

A

Aorta leaves RV (anterior) and pulmonary trunk leaves LV posterior –> seperation of systemic and pulmonary circulations
- failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

transposition of great vessels - S2

A

single, because aorta is anterior to pulm artery *absent of pulm sound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

transposition of great vessels - x-ray

A

egg on a string heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tricuspid atresia - mechanism

A

absence of tricuspid valve and hypoplastic RV

requires ASD and VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tricuspid valve atresia - ECG / xray

A

left deviation and small or absent R

x-ray: decreased pulm markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MCC of ealry childhood cyanosis

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot is caused by

A

anteriosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot is consists from

A
  1. Pulmonary infundibular stenosis
  2. RV hypertrophy (boot shaped heart on CXR)
  3. Overriding aortra
  4. VSD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tetralogy of fallot - diagnostic tests

A

chest x-ray: boot shaped heart

decreased pulmonary vascular marking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tetralogy of fallot - treatment

A

surgical intervention is the only definitive treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return?

A

pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation (SVC, coronary sinus etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return - forms

A

with or without obstruction of the venous return (obstruction refers to the angle at which the veins enter the sinus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return - with vs without regarding treatment

A

with: surgery (definitive)
without: surgery to restore proper blood flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return - with obstruction - signs/symptoms

A

early in life with resp distress and cyannosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return - without obstruction - signs/symptoms

A

age 1-2 with RHF and tachypnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - definition

A
  1. LV hypoplasia
  2. mitral malve atresia
  3. aortic valve lesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - presentation

A
  1. absent pulse with single s2
  2. increased RV impulse
  3. Gray (rather than) bluish cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - diagnostic tests

A

chest x-ray: globular shaped heart with pulm edema

ECHO IS THE MOST ACCURATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - treatment

A

2 separate surgeries or heart transplantation (extremely high mortality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
transoposition of Great vessels - definitive treatment
2 seperate surgeries are necessary --> each carries a 50% moratlity (only 1/4 will survive)
26
Ebstein anomaly?
characterised by displacement of tricuspid valve leaflets downward into RV, artificially atrializing the ventricle (lithium in utero)
27
Ebstein anomaly is associated with (complications)
1. tricuspid regurgitation | 2. right HF
28
The most common cyanotic condition in children after neonatal period
Fallot
29
most common cyanotic lesion during the neonatal period
transoposition of Great vessels
30
which of them are PDA depended 1. Truncus arteriosus: 2. D-Transposition of great vessels 3. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 4. Tetralogy of Fallot 5. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
- trasnp of great vessels | - Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
31
which of them are VSD depended 1. Truncus arteriosus: 2. D-Transposition of great vessels 3. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 4. Tetralogy of Fallot 5. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
FALLOT | Truncus arteriosus
32
total anomalous pulm venous return with obstruction - x-ray
pulm edema, snowman sign
33
Left-to-right diseases by frequency
VSD>ASD>PDA
34
MC congenital cardiac defect
VSD
35
VSD - presentation
asymptomatic at birth may manifest weeks later or remain asymptomatic throughout life - LV overload / HF / endocarditis
36
VSDs are common in
1. down (21) 2. Edwards (18) 3. Patau (13)
37
VSD - diagnostic tests
chest x-ray: increased vascular marking | Echo is diagnostic and cardiac catheterization is definitive
38
VSD - treatment
- smaller lesions usually close in the first 1-2 years - larger or more symptomatic require surgery - Diuretics and digoxin for conservative therapy
39
ASD - S sounds
loud S1 | wided fixed S2
40
ASD - type of defect in interatrial septum
1. ostium secundum defects (MC and usually as isolated findings) 2. ostium primum defects (rare, usually occur with other cardiac anomalies)
41
ASD - diagnosis
most definitive: cardiac catheterization echo is less invasive and can be just as effective CXR: increased vascular markings and cardiomegaly
42
ASD - treatment
- Vast majority close spontaneously | - surgery or transcatheter closure is indicated for all symptomatic patients
43
coarctation of the aorta - PDA
- infantile coarctation of the aorta is associated with PDA | - adults coarctation of the aorta in not associated with PDA
44
PDA - most accurate and best initial test
best initial: ECHO | most accurate cardiac catheterization
45
PDA - MC complciation later in the child's life
resp infections and infective endocarditis
46
coartraction - diagnostic tests
- rib notching and a "3" sign are seen on chest x-ray | - cardiac catheterization is the most accurate test
47
coartraction - treatment
resection of the narrowed segment and then balloon dilation if recurrent stenosis occurs
48
coarctation of the aorta - complications
1. HF 2. high risk of cerebral hemorrhage (berry) 3. aortic rupture 4. endocarditis
49
coarctation of the aorta is associated with
1. bicuspid aortic valve 2. other heart defects 3. Turner syndrome
50
patent ductus arteriosus is often due to
1. congenital rubella 2. prematurity 3. birth at high altitudes 4. fetal alcohol syndrome
51
congenital cardiac defect associations - fetal alcohol syndrome
1. VSD 2. ASD 3. PDA | 4. tetrallogy of fallot
52
congenital cardiac defect associations - congenital rubella
1. septal defects 2. PDA 3. Pulmonary stenosis
53
congenital cardiac defect associations - down syndrome
1. AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect) 2. VSD 3. ASD MC is COMPLETE AV septal defect
54
congenital cardiac defect associations - diabetic mother
transposition of great vessels
55
congenital cardiac defect associations - Marfan
1. MVP 2. Thoracic aortic aneurysm 3. Thoracic aortic dissection 4. Aortic regurgitation
56
congenital cardiac defect associations - Turner syndrome
1. bicuspid aortic valve | 2. coarctation of aorta
57
congenital cardiac defect associations - Williams syndrome
supravalvular aortic stenosis
58
congenital cardiac defect associations - Williams syndrome
supravalvular aortic stenosis
59
congenital cardiac defect associations - 22q11 syndrome
1. Truncus arteriosus | 2. Tetralogy of Fallot
60
bicuspid aortic valve complications
1. AR 2. AS 3. AORTIC DISSECTION 4. THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM 5. coarctation of the aota
61
Cardaic X-ray - pear shaped
pericardial effusion
62
patients with history of rheumatic fever have increased risk of recurrent episodes and progression of rheumatic heart disease with repeated infection. prophylaxis
continuous antibiotc prophyllaxis: IM benzathine penicillin G every 4 wks (the duration depends on associated conditions: 1. no carditis: 5 years or until 21 years old (whichever is longer) 2. carditis but no residual heart or valvular disease by clinical or echo criteria: 10 years or until 21 3. with carditis + persistent heart or valvular disease: 10 years or until 40 years old
63
congenital QT prolongation - management
avoid electrolyte derangments and medications that block + channels - beta blockers with pacemaker can prevent arrest
64
Kawsaki is characterised by
``` 5 or more days of fever and 4 or more of the following (CRASH) Conjuctival injection (non purulent) Rash Adenopathy (cervical) Strawberry tongue (oral mucositis) Hand-foot changes (edema, eruthema) ```
65
Benign vs pathologic murmurs - history
BENIGN: normal apperite, energy, activities + growth no family history PATHOLOGIC: diaphoresis, fatique with feeding or exercise, poor weight gain, family history
66
benign murmur featires
early or mid SYSTOLIC, grade I or II that decreases with valsava or stunding
67
patholical mumrur features
- harsh holosystolic or diastolic - Grade 3 or higher - increases with standing + valsava
68
DDX of stridor
acute: croup, foreign body chronic: laryngomalacia, vascular ring
69
vascular rings?
rings that encircle the trachea and/or esophagus + present with resp (biphasic stridor, wheezing, coughing) + esophageal (dysphagia, vomiting) symptoms stridor typically improves with neck extension
70
vascular ring vs laryngomalacia - prone position
only laryngomalacia's stridor improves
71
normal ECG in neonates
R deviation and R in V1-V3
72
pediatric viral myocarditis - clinica presentation / etiology
- viral prodrome - heart failure - etiology: Cox B, adenov
73
pediatric viral myocarditis - diagnostic studies
x-ray: caardiomegaly, pulm edema ECG: tachycardia echo: decreased EG, diffuse hypokinesis biopsy (gold standard): infiltration
74
coartraction - pathology
thickening of tunica media
75
transposition of great vessels - examination and x-ray
Single S2 +/- VSD murmur | - egg on a strinng heart (narrow mediastinum)
76
tricuspid atresia - examination and x-ray
single S2 and VSD murmur | - minimal pulm blood flow
77
Truncus arteriosus - examination + x-ray
single S2, systolic ejection murmur | - increaed pulm flow + edema
78
knee chest position improves Fallot due to
increasing in systemic vascular resistance
79
adolescents with a family history of sudden death in young relatives should refrain sports until
ECG and ECHO performed
80
peripheral pulse in PDA
mildly accentuated
81
viral myocarditis - prognosis
- mortality: gretar in newborns | - outcome of survivors: full recovery in 66%, CHF in 33%

pediatrics (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions