Development

Question 1

early development - ages

Answer 1

infants: 0-12 months
toddler: 12-36 months
preschool: 3-5 yrs

Question 2

infants - motor characteristics

Answer 2

1. primitive reflexes disappear - Moro (3 mth), rooting (4 mth), palmar (6 mth), Babinski (12 mth)
2. posture - lifts head up prone (1 mth), rolls and sits (6 mth), crawls (8 mth), stands, (10 mth) walks (12-18 mth)
3. Picks - passes toys hand to hand (6 mth), pincer grasp (10 mth)
   Points to objects (12 months)

Question 3

infant - primitive reflexes disappear

Answer 3

1. Moro (3 mth)
2. rooting (4 mth)
3. palmar (6 mth)
4. Babinski (12 mth)

Question 4

infant - posture

Answer 4

lifts head up prone (1 mth), rolls and sits (6 mth), crawls (8 mth), stands, (1 mth) walks (12-18 mth)

Question 5

infant - picks

Answer 5

passes toys hand to hand (6 mth), pincer grasp (10 mth)

Question 6

infant -social

Answer 6

social smile (2 mth)
stranger anxiety (6 mth)
sepraration anxiety (9 mth)

Question 7

infant - verbal/cognitive

Answer 7

1. orients: first voice (4mth), then to nameand gestures (9 mth)
2. Object permanence (9 mth)
   3 .oratory - says mama and dada (10 mth)

Question 8

toddler - motor

Answer 8

1. cruises, takes firs step (12 mth)
2. Clibs stairs (18 mth)
3. Cubes stacked (age x 3) –> age 1 –> 3 cubes
4. cultured - feeds self with fork and spoon (20 mth)
5. Kicks ball (24 mth)

Question 9

toddler - social

Answer 9

1. Recreation - parallel play (by 24-36 mth)
2. rapprochement - moves away from and returns to mother (24 mth)
3. Realization - core gender identity formed (36 mth)

Question 10

toddler - verbal/cognitive

Answer 10

words - 200 words by age 2

Question 11

preschool - motor

Answer 11

1. Drive - tricycle (3 wheels at 3 yr)
2. Drawing - copies line, or cycles, stick figure (4 yr)
3. Dexterity - hops on one foot (4 yrs), uses buttons or zippers, grooms self (5 yrs)

Question 12

preschool - social

Answer 12

1. freedom - comfortably spends part of day away from mother (3 yr)
2. friends - cooperatice play, has imaginary friends (4 yr)

Question 13

preschool - verbal/cognitive

Answer 13

Language - 1000 words by age 3, complete sentences and preposition (4 yr)
Legents - can tell detailed sotures (4 yrs)

Question 14

Primitive reflex - MC reflex

Answer 14

1. Moro reflex 2. Galant reflex 3. Rooting reflex

4. Sucking reflex 5. Palmar reflex 6. Plantar reflex

Question 15

Moro reflex mechanism

Answer 15

abduct/extend arms when startled (sudden loss of support), and then draw together

Question 16

Rooting reflex mechanism

Answer 16

movement of head toward one side if cheek or mouth is stroked

Question 17

babinski reflex

Answer 17

toe extension

Question 18

Sucking reflex mechanism

Answer 18

sucking response when roof of mouth is touched (akoma kai to diko tou daktilo)

Question 19

Palmar (Grasping) reflex mechanism

Answer 19

curling of fingers if palm is stroked

Question 20

stepping relfex

Answer 20

walking-like maneuvers when toes tough the ground

Question 21

Galant (superman) reflex mechanism

Answer 21

Stroking along one side of the spine while newborn is in ventral suspension (face down) causes lateral flexion (hip) of lower body toward stimulated side

Question 22

decreased weight gain more than decreasing in height - ddx

Answer 22

• undernutriotion
• malabsorpion
• inadequate digestion

Question 23

decreased weight gain more than decreasing in height - workup

Answer 23

• assess caloric intake
• stool studies for fat
• sweat Cl test

Question 24

normal weight gain and decreased height - ddx

Answer 24

• skeletal dysplasia
• hypercortisolemia
• GH def
• T4 def

Question 25

normal weight gain and decreased height - workup

Answer 25

- Thyroid hormone studies - urinary cortisol (24h) - bone age for skeleta dysplasia) - GH studies

Question 26

low weight gain equals low height - ddx

Answer 26

- systemic illness: HF, inflammation, renal, liver - genetic short stature - constitutional delay in growth and development

Question 27

low weight gain equals low height - workup

Answer 27

- infl markers - organ dysfnunction markers (LFT, cr, BUN, electolytes) - bone age: genetic short starue: the bone is close to hte chronological age (puberty at normal time) - constitutional delay of growth: the bone age is delayed, and puberty occurs later than in most children

Question 28

contraindications to breastfeedings

Answer 28

1. galactosemia in baby 2. HIV 3. HSV on breasr 4. Substance abuse 5. maternal cancer under treatment 6. Acute maternal diseasae if absent in infant (TB, sepsi)

Question 29

maternal benefits for breastfeeding

Answer 29

1. reduced risk for BREAST + OVARIAN ca 2. maternal-infant bonding 3. improved child spacing 4. faster return to prepartum weight 5. more rapid uterine involution + decreased postpartum bleeding

Question 30

infant's benefits from breastfeeding

Answer 30

1. improved immunity 2. improved gastrointestinal function 3. prevention of infectious dieases: - otitis media - gastroenteritis - respiratory illness - urinary tract infection 4. decreased risk of childhood cancer, type I diabetes + necrotizing enterocolitis