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pediatrics > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

early development - ages

A

infants: 0-12 months
toddler: 12-36 months
preschool: 3-5 yrs

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2
Q

infants - motor characteristics

A
  1. primitive reflexes disappear - Moro (3 mth), rooting (4 mth), palmar (6 mth), Babinski (12 mth)
  2. posture - lifts head up prone (1 mth), rolls and sits (6 mth), crawls (8 mth), stands, (10 mth) walks (12-18 mth)
  3. Picks - passes toys hand to hand (6 mth), pincer grasp (10 mth)
    Points to objects (12 months)
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3
Q

infant - primitive reflexes disappear

A
  1. Moro (3 mth)
  2. rooting (4 mth)
  3. palmar (6 mth)
  4. Babinski (12 mth)
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4
Q

infant - posture

A

lifts head up prone (1 mth), rolls and sits (6 mth), crawls (8 mth), stands, (1 mth) walks (12-18 mth)

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5
Q

infant - picks

A

passes toys hand to hand (6 mth), pincer grasp (10 mth)

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6
Q

infant -social

A 
social smile (2 mth)
stranger anxiety (6 mth)
sepraration anxiety (9 mth)
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7
Q

infant - verbal/cognitive

A
  1. orients: first voice (4mth), then to nameand gestures (9 mth)
  2. Object permanence (9 mth)
    3 .oratory - says mama and dada (10 mth)
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8
Q

toddler - motor

A
  1. cruises, takes firs step (12 mth)
  2. Clibs stairs (18 mth)
  3. Cubes stacked (age x 3) –> age 1 –> 3 cubes
  4. cultured - feeds self with fork and spoon (20 mth)
  5. Kicks ball (24 mth)
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9
Q

toddler - social

A
  1. Recreation - parallel play (by 24-36 mth)
  2. rapprochement - moves away from and returns to mother (24 mth)
  3. Realization - core gender identity formed (36 mth)
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10
Q

toddler - verbal/cognitive

A

words - 200 words by age 2

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11
Q

preschool - motor

A
  1. Drive - tricycle (3 wheels at 3 yr)
  2. Drawing - copies line, or cycles, stick figure (4 yr)
  3. Dexterity - hops on one foot (4 yrs), uses buttons or zippers, grooms self (5 yrs)
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12
Q

preschool - social

A
  1. freedom - comfortably spends part of day away from mother (3 yr)
  2. friends - cooperatice play, has imaginary friends (4 yr)
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13
Q

preschool - verbal/cognitive

A

Language - 1000 words by age 3, complete sentences and preposition (4 yr)
Legents - can tell detailed sotures (4 yrs)

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14
Q

Primitive reflex - MC reflex

A
  1. Moro reflex 2. Galant reflex 3. Rooting reflex

4. Sucking reflex 5. Palmar reflex 6. Plantar reflex

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15
Q

Moro reflex mechanism

A

abduct/extend arms when startled (sudden loss of support), and then draw together

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16
Q

Rooting reflex mechanism

A

movement of head toward one side if cheek or mouth is stroked

17
Q

babinski reflex

A

toe extension

18
Q

Sucking reflex mechanism

A

sucking response when roof of mouth is touched (akoma kai to diko tou daktilo)

19
Q

Palmar (Grasping) reflex mechanism

A

curling of fingers if palm is stroked

20
Q

stepping relfex

A

walking-like maneuvers when toes tough the ground

21
Q

Galant (superman) reflex mechanism

A

Stroking along one side of the spine while newborn is in ventral suspension (face down) causes lateral flexion (hip) of lower body toward stimulated side

22
Q

decreased weight gain more than decreasing in height - ddx

A
  • undernutriotion
  • malabsorpion
  • inadequate digestion
23
Q

decreased weight gain more than decreasing in height - workup

A
  • assess caloric intake
  • stool studies for fat
  • sweat Cl test
24
Q

normal weight gain and decreased height - ddx

A
  • skeletal dysplasia
  • hypercortisolemia
  • GH def
  • T4 def
25
Q

normal weight gain and decreased height - workup

A
  • Thyroid hormone studies
  • urinary cortisol (24h)
  • bone age for skeleta dysplasia)
  • GH studies
26
Q

low weight gain equals low height - ddx

A
  • systemic illness: HF, inflammation, renal, liver
  • genetic short stature
  • constitutional delay in growth and development
27
Q

low weight gain equals low height - workup

A
  • infl markers
  • organ dysfnunction markers (LFT, cr, BUN, electolytes)
  • bone age: genetic short starue: the bone is close to hte chronological age (puberty at normal time)
  • constitutional delay of growth: the bone age is delayed, and puberty occurs later than in most children
28
Q

contraindications to breastfeedings

A
  1. galactosemia in baby
  2. HIV
  3. HSV on breasr
  4. Substance abuse
  5. maternal cancer under treatment
  6. Acute maternal diseasae if absent in infant (TB, sepsi)
29
Q

maternal benefits for breastfeeding

A
  1. reduced risk for BREAST + OVARIAN ca
  2. maternal-infant bonding
  3. improved child spacing
  4. faster return to prepartum weight
  5. more rapid uterine involution + decreased postpartum bleeding
30
Q

infant’s benefits from breastfeeding

A
  1. improved immunity
  2. improved gastrointestinal function
  3. prevention of infectious dieases:
    - otitis media
    - gastroenteritis
    - respiratory illness
    - urinary tract infection
  4. decreased risk of childhood cancer, type I diabetes + necrotizing enterocolitis

pediatrics (16 decks)

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