Pulmonary Flashcards
What is COPD?
clinical term for lung disease characterized by chronic airway obstruction w/ increased resistance to air flow
What diseases are included in COPD?
chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis
What is the main cause of chronic bronchitis
smoking
cessation of smoking is associated with improvement of clinical sxs
What are the 2 types of pna?
alveolar pna
interstitial pna
Describe alveolar pna
intraavleolar inflammation, either as a bronchopna or lobar pna
Describe interstitial pna
primarily involves the alveolar septae, which includes viral pna
thickening of the alveolar sac
Which type of pna is caused by a bacterial infection?
alveolar
Alveolar pna may be…
focal or diffuse
Who is most likely to get alveolar pna?
debilitated elderly pts who are confined to be
What is bronchopneumonia?
pna limited to the segmental bronchi and surrounding parenchyma
What is known as “white out” of the lung
complete lobar pna, lobe is completely filled with pus
What is characteristic about lobar pna?
widespread or diffuse alveolar pna
causes total whiteout of an entire lobe/lobes on c xray
most common cause of community acquired pna?
strep pneumoniae
What is characteristic about interstitial pnas?
usually diffuse and often bilateral
usually caused by viruses
What happens if acute bacteria/viral pna are untreated or incompletely treated?
can become organizing pna (chronic pna)
resulting in interstitial fibrosis
What causes pna?
bacterial (75%), viral
less common: fungi, protozoa, parasites, aspiration
What is aspiration pna?
some ppl can loose gag reflex: alcoholics, higher neuro dysfunction (dementia), stroke pts, meningitis pts, trauma pts, high opiates
anything that is in the stomach can come up and go into the lungs, will see food surrounded by bacterial colonies in lungs
Most important bacteria causing pna?
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
H. Infleunza
Where do the gram neg bacteria that cause pna come from?
bacteria are part of the enteric flora and can cause pna by contamination of the blood to the lungs
How do pathogens reach the lungs for infection?
- inhalation in air droplets (TB)
- aspiration of infected secretions from UR tract (strep/staph)
- Aspiration of infected particles in gastric contents
- hematogenous spread- via blood
pna is common in sepsis and may develop secondary to…
UTIs or GI tract infections
2 types of clinical pnas?
primary/community acquired: affects healthy ppl
secondary pna/hospital acquired (nosocomial): arise in ppl with preexisting illnesses
Sxs of pna?
fever, chills and prostration along with signs related to bronchial inflammation: cough and expectoration, SOB, dyspnea and tachypnea
What does the sputum look like in pna?
mucopurulent blood-tinged “rust-colored sputum”
strep pneumoniae