Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology (Melicia) > Cell adaption and necrosis > Flashcards

Cell adaption and necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell adaption?

A

prolonged exposure of cell to pressure or toxin results in change in cell

if pressure: cells get big

If toxin: cells change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 6 ways that cells adapt to change?

A

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia and anaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define atrophy

A

decrease in the size of a tissue, organ or the entire body

can be physiologic v. pathologic atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of physiologic atrophy?

A

thymus undergoing involution

ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause

atrophic bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of pathologic atrophy?

A

alzheimer dementia,

ischemic organs-typically small,

testicular atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of tissue due to enlargement of individual cells

can be physiologic or pathologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of physiologic hypertrophy?

A

enlargement of muscles in body builders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

examples of pathologic hypertrophy?

A

hypertrophy of the heart occurs as an adaption to increase workload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When do we usually see concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle? why?

A

in HTN

it is an adaptive response to left ventricular pressure overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can be seen in hypertrophy cardiomyopathy?

A

banana septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of cells which causes enlargement of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Can hyperplasia and hypertrophy be seen together?

A

yes, in pregnancy

hyperplastic prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of hyperplastic process?

A

endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Example of a disease where hyperplasia is seen?

A

hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define metaplasia

A

an adaptive change of one cell type for another cell type to suit the environment

reversible but can also progress to dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking

gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction barrett esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define dysplasia

A

disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection

considered a precancerous condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of dysplastic change?

A

detection of cervical dysplasia on PAP smear

there is an association of dysplasias and cervical cancer with HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

With dysplasia …..gets large and …starts to shrink

A

nucleus

cytoplasm

20
Q

What does hyperchromatic mean?

A

stains darker

21
Q

define anaplasia

A

undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells, hallmark of malignant transformation

22
Q

Anaplasia is also called??

A

malignancy, carcinoma, cancer, neoplasm

23
Q

neoplasm means?

A

new growth

24
Q

Examples of anaplasia?

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, cancer of the lung, malignant melanoma

25
Q

What color can malignant melanoma be?

A

red, white, blue, black or brown

26
Q

Which cancer are known as the silent killers?

A

renal cell carcinoma, ovarian, pancreatic, glioblastoma

27
Q

Hallmarks of anaplasia?

A
  1. cells and nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism
  2. nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic
  3. high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (about 1:1)
  4. large nucleoli present within nucleus
  5. large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures
28
Q

Define pleomorphism

A

variation in size and shape

29
Q

Should you ever see mitotic figures in normal tissue?

A

NO

30
Q

What is cell necrosis?

A

death of cells or groups of cells within a living organism

31
Q

What is the difference between necrosis and autolysis?

A

necrosis: seen in living
autolysis: seen in tissues after death

32
Q

Name the 4 types of necrosis

A

coagulative

liquefactive

caseous

fat

33
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

most common type of necrosis

occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured (like cooking eggs)

cell outlines preserved and cytoplasm finely granular

34
Q

Examples of coagulative necrosis?

A

typically occurs in solid internal organs i.e. heart, kidney, spleen, liver

most often caused by anoxia, ex. heart tissue undergoing MI

35
Q

What is anoxia?

A

lack of blood supply

36
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes, tissue becomes soft and gel like

37
Q

Examples of liquefactive necrosis?

A

most often occurs in the brain where the brain cells lose their contours and liquify, typical of brain infarcts

can also be seen in bacterial infections (abscesses in the lungs)

38
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

a form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

39
Q

Examples of caseous necrosis?

A

typically found in TB, characterized by the development of lung granulomas inside of which can be found caseous necrosis- Ghon complex

can also be seen in some fungal infections

40
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

a specialized form of liquefaction necrosis, caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes

41
Q

Examples of fat necrosis

A

limited to fat tissue, usually around the pancreas. Enzymes are released into the adjacent fat tissue, usually after rupture of the pancreas, causing degradation of fat

42
Q

Wet v. dry gangrene

A

gangrene is bacterial infection of necrotic tissue

Wet: bacterial infection of coagulated tissue leads to inflammation and secondary liquefaction

Dry: necrotic tissue dries out and becomes black and mummified

43
Q

What conditions can contribute to gangrene?

A

often occur after infarction of the intestines of in a limp, usually caused by atherosclerosis or DM

44
Q

What is dystrophic calcifications?

A

necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and freq. undergoes calcification, refers to the macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured or dead tissues

45
Q

Examples of dystrophic calcification?

A
  1. calcification in atherosclerotic CA contributes to narrowing of the vessels
  2. calcifications of the mitral or aortic valves leading to impeded blood flow (stenosis)
  3. Calcifications seen around breast cancer
  4. infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital toxoplasmosis
46
Q

what is metastatic calcifications?

A

reflects deranged calcium metabolism, usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading to deposition of calcium in other locations

47
Q

Examples of metastatic calcifications?

A

seen in various disorders including hyperparathyroidism, vit D toxicity and chronic renal failure

formation of Ca stones in sites such as gallbladder, kidney and bladder are due to precipitation of salts from solutions into tissues

Pathology (Melicia) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions