Pulmonary Flashcards
Hyperresonance occurs in ___
“Excess air”
- increased resonance, lower pitch, on percussion
- a result of overinflation of the lung
ARDS usually occurs alongside _____
multiple organ system failure or sepsis
(T/F) When a lung collapses an inflammatory response ensues. This response becomes stronger after >24 hours of the lung being collapsed
T
3 main types of COPD
1) Chronic Bronchitis
2) Emphysema
3) Asthma
5 most common risk factors for COPD
1) SMOKING 2) Air pollution 3) Hyperresponsive Airways 4) Occupational Factors 5) α1-antitrypsin deficiency
Abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing (apnea)
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Absorption Atelectasis can happen in 2 ways:
1) when high concentrations of O2 are given, oxygen replaces nitrogen in the alveoli,
2) if airway obstruction occurs, the oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and alveoli collapse
Difficiency of Alpha 1- antitrypsin in Primary emphesema causes _____
- greater elastase activity (breaks down elastin in the lungs).
- alpha 1 trypsin is an inhibitor of elastase.
an inflammation of the lungs and bronchial tubes that occurs after inhalation of foreign matter. aka. anaerobic pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonitis
Bradypnea cut-off
Wheeze
Breath with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest as a result of obstructed air passages
breathing pattern in restrictive lung diseases:
Rapid, shallow (Respiratory Rate increased, TV decreased)
Centriacinar Emphysema is characterized by
dilation that affects the respiratory bronchioles (aka the center of the acinus)
Characteristic breathing patterns in restrictive lung diseases result in ____
increased dead space ventilation
Feeling the Chest wall vibrations when pt speaks.
Tactile fremitus
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by
Hypersecretion of very thick mucus and chronic productive cough (lasting at least 3 months/year and for at least 2 years)
Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke allows free radicals to inactivate ____, which causes what?
inactivates antiproteases (alpha 1 antitrypsin), which increases neutrophil elastases in the lungs
chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by attacks that are triggered by airflow obstruction that is often reversible
Asthma
Clicking, rattling, or crackling noises made by one or both lungs
Crackles/ rales
Common symptoms of COPD
1) Dyspnea
2) Altered lung volumes
3) Hypoxemia/hypercapnea (Loss of hypercapnic drive)
4) Increased mucus secretions
5) Stacking breaths (air trapping)
6) Wheezing
Cor pulmonale
RHF/weakening secondary to pulmonary HTN
Deeper/faster breathing than normal causing excessive expulsion of circulating carbon dioxide
Hyperventilation
Does Asthma have a genetic component?
Yes
FEV1/FVC ______ predicted indicates obstruction in the airways for asthma.
For asthma, an FEV1 of _____ predicted indicates obstruction.
For asthma, an FEV1 of ______ predicted indicates severe obstruction.
For asthma, an FEV1 of _______ predicted indicates moderate obstruction.
50-80%
Form of hyperventilation involving deep and labored breathing
Kussmaul respirations
High pitched wheezing sound resulting from turbulent airflow in the upper airway:
Stridor
How long should you count the number of respirations for a regular rhythm?
30 seconds then multiply by 2
How long should you count the number of respirations for an irregular rhythm?
1 minute
In contrast to restrictive lung disease, obstructive lung diseases (COPD) present with ____ FEV1/FVC ratio
Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio (bc FVC > FEV1)
In restrictive lung diseases, the FEV1/FVC ratio is _____
Normal ratio (Because FEV1 and FVC are both reduced)
In sepsis, what is one of the first organs to fail?
lungs
In what lung disease do pts have decreased lung volumes across the board?
Restrictive
In which condition(s) is barrel chest commonly found?
COPD
In which condition(s) is Cheyne-Stokes respirations commonly found?
CHF (LVD)