Notes from Robbins Flashcards
RAS oncogene
- most common oncogene.
- Mutations of RAS reduce GTPase activity, and RAS is trapped in an activated GTP-bound state. RAS signal to the nucleus is constitutive love you on (through cytoplasmic kinases)
The APC gene can cause activation of____
WNT signaling pathway.
MYC
- oncogene, a transcriptional activator/TF that is overexpressed in many tumors
p53
tumor suppressor gene, encodes a protein involved in cell cycle control.
Shortness of breath, hyper resonant barrel chest are symptoms for ___
Emphysema
Diagnose emphysema if pft shows ___ and signs of obstruction
Decreased diffusion capacity (DLco)
Centriacinar emphesema affects ___ lobes of lungs, and dilation is specific to ____
Top lobes
Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar duct
Complications of reflux
Ulcer
Bleeding
Development of structures
Barrerts esophagus
Uterine cervix, (Pap smear) – Compared with normal cervical squamous cells, dysplastic cells have increased _____ with enlarged nuclei and coarsely granular chromatin. The presence of ___ indicates that an adequate specimen was obtained.
- increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios (nucleaus is big)
- endocervical cells
Normal squamous cell = see-through blob with tiny nucleus.
Dysplastic squamous cells = big nucleaus, small cell, clumps.
Endocervical cells = from transition zone, nucleus is same size as the sq cells of cervix.
risk factors for development of cervical dysplasia?
- multiple lifetime sexual partners (5+);
- high-risk partners (with condyloma/penile cancer, cervical cancer/dysplasia, or multiple sexual partners)
- early coitarche
Crohn’s:
“Old strict chrone skipping on cobble stones jumps over the wall.”
- rectal sparing (colon/SI), mouth to anus
- cobblestone appearance, strictures, fistulas, granulomas
- transmural inflammation (goes through entire thickness of bowel wall)
UC
- Bleeds! Friability of mucosa (easy breaks away)
- Continuous, but limited to rectum and colon
- Ulceration, crypt absess (pseudopolyps around)
- Inflammation restricted to submucosa and mucosa
- RISK of cancer! (20%) dysplasia –> cancer
Why would fallopian tube be blocked?
PID-pelvic inflammatory disease, caused by chlymedia and gonnrea
Which HPV serotypes are associated with high-grade dysplasia and carcinoma?
16, 18
31, 33, 35.
How does HPV cause cancer?
- viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 inactivate tumor suppressor proteins p53 and RB (respectively) allowing cell cycle to progress.
