APP Basis of Disease Flashcards
Cellular injury
1 of 3 factors of response You MAY be able to com back from this, but at some point of stress, cell will no longer return to normal
Cellular Death
1 of 3 factor of response
Atrophy
Cellular adaptation in response to stress, cells DECREASE in size or DECREASE in cell number decsrease functioning of enzymes, less oxygen consumption, decrease in organelles
Hypertrophy
ONLY increase in cell size increase amount of functioning tissue mass usually result of increase in workload increase in functioning components of cells, so increase in number of organelles, enzymes, and functioning tissue pathological situation: cardiomegally Physiological: donated kidney, breast tissue, endometrium
Hyperplasia
increase in NUMBER OF CELLS it is a very controlled response, when stimulus is removed, should be removed uncontrolled leads to CA pregnancy: breast tissue hyperplasia and uterine hyperplasia
Metaplasia
due to chronic irritant change from one cell type to another stay within cell line, ex epithelial cell to another epithelial cell ex: lung tissue and esophagus tissue lung epithelial cells ciliated columnar cells turn to squamous cells in smoking GERD causes esophageal cells change into cells that we see in the stomach
Dysplasia
Are reversible Cell types are changed, but derangement in cell growth so different cell sizes and shapes and appearance found in metaplastic squamous epithelium of the respiratory tract and uterine lining
Stress
Mechanical forces electrical injuries nutritional imbalances biological agents poisons
Hypoxia
ischemia causes irreversible cell damage Check out the chart in ppt
Extremes of Temperature
Heat Cold
Heat
accelerate cellular metabolism activate and inactivate temp sensitive emzymes cellular membranes disrupted to temp changes coag of blood vessels coag of tissue proteins causes DIRECT cellular injury
Cold
increase in blood viscosity ice crystal formation induces vasoconstriction …
Chemical Agents
EX: Lead poisoning, HIGH: mental retardation, convulsions, coma LOW levels: reduced IQ and attn span, behavioral efects, crosses the BBB AND damages BBB
Effects of Lead - Phsiology
Causes ROS, decrease in antioxidant systems glomerular fibrosis and proximal tubule mitochondrial damage crosses and damages BBB lead looks like calcium, and enters transportors and changes the channels and cells as a result
.
depletion of ATP in cell free-radical formation disruption of intracellular calcium hpmeostasis
Depletion of ATP
decrease in oxygenation of the cell Na/K pump will fail, and we get membrane depolatization and increase in intracellular Ca and Na –> cellular swelling 2/2 Na influx and water flux that goes with it –> maybe lysing switch to anaerobic metabolism –> increae in lactic acid –> decrease in cellular pH –> lysing of lysosomes (which are full of degratory enzymes, and get released due to decrease in pH and these enzymes ARE unregulated so cause damage)