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pharmacology > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose and nasopharynx to larynx

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2
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs (everything within the chest)

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3
Q

what is asthma?

A

recurrent, reversible shortness of breath due to narrowing of bronchi and bronchioles

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4
Q

what does COPD stand for?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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5
Q

what 2 disease state make up COPD?

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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6
Q

what is emphysema?

A

inflammation of the alveoli

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7
Q

what is chronic bronchitis?

A

chronic inflammation of the lower tract, specifically bronchi

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8
Q

what are chemical mediators?

A

substances released from mast cells and WBC’s, responsible for most symptoms of these diseases

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9
Q

what are leukotrienes?

A

potent bronchoconstrictors with long duration of action. Stimulate bronchoconstriction, mucus production, edema, and other inflammatory actions.

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10
Q

what can asthma be caused by?

A

bronchospasm, inflammation, edema, mucus

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of asthma?

A

allergic asthma and intrinsic asthma

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12
Q

what can precipitate an asthma attack?

A

respiratory infection, stress, or a cold

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13
Q

what physiological issue happens in the lungs due to emphysema?

A

hyperinflation of alveoli

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14
Q

what are the main differences between emphysema and chronic bronchitis?

A

emphysema: alveolar air spaces enlarge, walls are destroyed
chronic bronchitis: irritation causes mucus buildup

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15
Q

what enzyme do beta adrenergic agonists work on?

A

adenylate cyclase

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16
Q

what does adenylate cyclase make?

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

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17
Q

what does cAMP do?

A

relax smooth muscle

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18
Q

what are adverse events of beta adrenergic agonists?

A

muscle tremors, increased heart rate

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19
Q

what do anticholinergics do?

A

block acetylcholine

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20
Q

what are adverse events of anticholinergics?

A

dry mouth/upper respiratory tract

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21
Q

what plant compounds are xanthine derived bronchodilators made from?

A

methylxanthines

22
Q

what is the main type of methylxanthine used in pulmonary drugs?

A

theophylline

23
Q

what does theophylline do?

A

inhibit phosphodiesterase

24
Q

what does phosphodiesterase do?

A

inhibit cAMP

25
Q

why are xanthine derived bronchodilators not first line?

A

drug interactions and interpatient variability

26
Q

what are adverse events of xanthine derived bronchodilators?

A

Nausea, Vomiting, Anorexia, Increased HR, Palpitations, Dysrhythmias, Increased urination, Increased blood glucose

27
Q

what are anti-inflammatory drugs also known as?

A

controller drugs

28
Q

what substance do inhaled corticosteroids inhibit?

A

arachidonic acid

29
Q

what does arachidonic acid do?

A

helps make prostaglandins and leukotrienes

30
Q

what are adverse events of taking ICS orally/parenterally?

A

Fluid retention, Muscle wasting, Metabolic disturbances, Increased susceptibility to infections

31
Q

what are adverse events of taking ICS by inhalation?

A

Oral infection like thrush, Vocal cord disturbances

32
Q

what are zileuton adverse events?

A

headache, nausea, dizziness, insomnia

33
Q

what are leukotiren-1 receptor blocker adverse events?

A

headache, nausea, diarrhea

34
Q

what does MDI stand for?

A

metered dose inhaler

35
Q

what apparatus helps with timing the MDI administration?

A

spacer

36
Q

what is the other type of inhaler besides MDI?

A

dry powder inhaler

37
Q

what apparatus is the dry powder inhaler administered from?

A

diskus

38
Q

what are the steps for treating persistent asthma?

A

low dose ICS
low dose ICS+LABA or medium dose ICS
medium dose ICS+ LABA
High dose ICS+LABA
High dose ICS+LABA+oral corticosteroid

39
Q

when is the SABA not enough?

A

if patient needs to use it more than 2 days/week

40
Q

what drugs are best for COPD?

A

LABA and long acting anticholinergics, not ICS or SABA as monotherapy

41
Q

What are 2 SABAs?

A

albuterol (ventolin) and levalbuterol

42
Q

what are 2 labas?

A

salmeterol (serevent) and formoterol

43
Q

what is an example of a short acting anticholinergic?

A

ipratropium (atrovent)

44
Q

what is an example of a long acting anticholinergic?

A

tiotropium

45
Q

what is an example of a xanthine derived bronchodilator?

A

theophylline

46
Q

what are some examples of inhaled corticosteroids?

A

fluticasone (flovent), beclomethasone, budesonide, triamcinolone, and mometasone (asmanex)

47
Q

what is an example of a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor?

A

zileuton (zyflo)

48
Q

what are 2 leukotiren-1 receptor blockers?

A

montelukast (singulair) and zafirlukast (accolate)

49
Q

which drugs are administered by tablet?

A

xanthine derived bronchodilators and leukotriene inhibitors

50
Q

which drug type is a rescue medication?

A

SABA

51
Q

which drug types are controllers?

A

anti-inflammatory and LABA

pharmacology (6 decks)

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