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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 classes of antibiotic?

A

Sulfonamide, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones

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2
Q

What classes fall under the beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillins and cephalosporins

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3
Q

What is the superclass that penicillins and cephalosporins are under?

A

beta lactam antibiotics

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of penicillins?

A

natural penicillin, penicillinase resistant penicillin, aminopenicillin, extended spectrum penicillin

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5
Q

what are the generations of cephalosporin?

A

1st-5th

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6
Q

What is an example of a sulfonamide?

A

Sulfamethoxazole (trimethoprim)

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7
Q

what are 4 examples of penicillins?

A

penicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, piperacillin (tazobactam)

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8
Q

what are 5 examples of cephalosporins?

A

cephalexin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, cefepime, ceftaroline

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9
Q

what are 3 examples of macrolides?

A

erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

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10
Q

what are 3 examples of tetracyclines?

A

doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline

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11
Q

what are 2 examples of aminoglycosides?

A

amikacin, tobramycin

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12
Q

what are 3 examples of fluoroquinolones?

A

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

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13
Q

what is an example of a natural penicillin?

A

penicillin

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14
Q

what is an example of a penicillinase resistant penicillin?

A

cloxacillin

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15
Q

what is an example of an aminopenicillin?

A

amoxicillin

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16
Q

what is an example of an extended spectrum penicillin?

A

piperacillin (tazobactam)

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17
Q

what is an example of a first generation cephalosporin?

A

cephalexin

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18
Q

what is an example of a second generation cephalosporin?

A

cefoxitin

19
Q

what is an example of a third generation cephalosporin?

A

ceftazidime

20
Q

what is an example of a fourth generation cephalosporin?

A

cefepime

21
Q

what is an example of a fifth generation cephalosporin?

A

ceftaroline

22
Q

What are trimethoprim, tazobactam, and clavulanic acid?

A

Beta lactamase inhibitors

23
Q

what is beta lactamase?

A

an enzyme that some bacteria have developed to fight penicillin

24
Q

what are 3 examples of beta lactamase inhibitors and what antibiotics are they combined with?

A

tazobactam-piperacillin, clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

25
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of action of antibiotics?

A

Bacterial cell wall synthesis interference
Protein synthesis interference
DNA/RNA replication interference
Antimetabolite action

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamides?

A

bacteriostatic, prevent folic acid synthesis

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?

A

bactericidal, inhibit peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporins?

A

bactericidal, interfere with cell wall synthesis

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

A

bacteriostatic, but bactericidal at high concentrations. Inhibit protein synthesis

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

A

bacteriostatic, inhibit protein synthesis

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

A

bactericidal, bind to ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?

A

bactericidal, inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV necessary for DNA synthesis

33
Q

What is empiric theory?

A

choosing an antibiotic before knowing the bacteria. Making a judgment call to save time
Serious/life threatening infection - broad-spectrum antibiotic

34
Q

what is sensitivity analysis?

A

testing a bacteria’s susceptibility to different antibiotics in a lab culture. Can take 48-72 hours. Once done, a better antibiotic choice can be made, to (1) decrease antibiotic resistance and (2) use the least toxic option. Overuse of broad-spectrum bacteria is what leads to drug-resistant bacteria. Over time, structural/metabolic changes or other mutations can make the bacteria more resistant.

35
Q

What are 3 examples of Gram positive bacteria?

A

staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis

36
Q

what are 4 examples of Gram negative bacteria?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species

37
Q

what is antibiotic spectrum?

A

bacteria that are susceptible to the antibacterial actions of a particular drug

38
Q

what is broad spectrum?

A

an antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

39
Q

what is bacteria resistance?

A

the ability of some bacteria to resist the actions of antibiotics

40
Q

what does MRSA stand for?

A

methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus

41
Q

what are 3 antibiotics that can be used to treat MRSA?

A

vancomycin, tigecycline, Ceftaroline

42
Q

where are anaerobic bacteria usually found?

A

in the GI tract

43
Q

what is healthcare associated infection?

A

infections acquired during the course of receiving treatment for another condition in a health care institution. More difficult to treat because the microorganisms have been exposed to strong antibiotics in the past. They become resistant

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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