Pulm A&P

Question 1

describe the movement of the ribs during inspiration

Answer 1

increase the volume o the thoracic cavity by producing “bucket handle” and “pump handle” movements of hte ribs and sternum

Question 2

what is the innervation of the diaphram

Answer 2

phrenic nerve, c3-5

Question 3

what is the function of the external intercostals

Answer 3

elevate the ribs and expand the chest

Question 4

what are the accessory inspiratory muscles

Answer 4

scm
scalenes
upper trap
pec major and minor
serratus anterior
rhomboids
lats
serratus posterior superior
thoracic erector spinae

Question 5

what is the function of the abdominal mm during expiration

Answer 5

increases inta-abdominal pressure for expulsion of air

Question 6

what is the function of the internal intercostals during expiration

Answer 6

depress the ribs and decrease throacic volume

Question 7

describe the apex of the lung

Answer 7

superior cone-shaped portion underneath

superior to rib 1

Question 8

describe anatomical location of the base of the lung

Answer 8

inferior/diaphragmatic surface

Question 9

describe the root of the lung

Answer 9

entrance of bronchi
pulmonary arteries/veins
nerves into each lung

Question 10

describe the hilum of the lung

Answer 10

mediastinal surface where structures of the root enter the lung

Question 11

describe the right lung

Answer 11

larger
3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
2 fissures (horizontal, oblique)

Question 12

describe the left lung

Answer 12

smaller
2 lobes (superior and inferior)
1 fissure (oblique)
cardiac notch

Question 13

describe the parietal pleura

Answer 13

on chest wall (outermost lining)
highly innervated
vascularized by high-pressure system via systemic blood vessels
higher capillary blood pressure

Question 14

describe the visceral pleura

Answer 14

directly on the lungs (innermost)
no sensory innervation
low-pressure pulmonary blood vessels via pulmonary circulation
lower capillary blood pressure

Question 15

explain the pressure gradient that results in fluid movement throughout the plural linings and plural space

Answer 15

normal pressure gradient caused constant fluid movement out of parietal capillaries -> into the pleural space -> reabsorbed by visceral capillaries

Question 16

how much fluid passes through the plural space

Answer 16

5-10 L fluid/day

Question 17

what makes up the upper respiratory tract

Answer 17

nose, pharnyx, larnyx

Question 18

what makes up the lower respiratory tract

Answer 18

trachea
bronchi
terminal units

Question 19

describe the bronchi of the L lung vs the R lung

Answer 19

R bronchi has a steeper angle into the R lung = more prone to aspiration

Question 20

explain the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone

Answer 20

conducting zone = no gas exchange, air movement only

respiratory zone = gas exchange

Question 21

what are type 1 pneumocytes (AT1)

Answer 21

flat cells that perform gas exchange

Question 22

what are type 2 pneumocytes (AT2)

Answer 22

cuboid cells that produce surfactant

Question 23

what is the function of the cilia on the epithelial lining of the lungs

Answer 23

movements help trap an propel substances and secretions upwards in the respiratory tract

Question 24

what does expectorate mean

Answer 24

cough

Question 25

what are the physiologic lung properties

Answer 25

compliance elasticity surface tension airway diameter and resistance

Question 26

what is lung compliance

Answer 26

distensibility of lung tissue how well it can stretch with inhalation

Question 27

what is lung elasticity

Answer 27

ability to return to its initial zie after being distended high levels of elastin and collagen allow for recoil

Question 28

what is lung surface tension

Answer 28

maintained with surfactant to prevent airway collapse ultimately allows the lung to get smaller during exhalation

Question 29

describe airway diameter and resistance

Answer 29

controlled by automatic nervous system upper airways are responsible for the higher airway resistance lower airways too irregular to influence airway resistance

Question 30

what is ventilation

Answer 30

moving air in and out of the lungs relationship between muscle contractions and pressure fluctuations

Question 31

explain the process of ventilation

Answer 31

diaphragm and other muscles of respiration contract decreased intrapulmonary pressure air moves into lungs

Question 32

what is tidal volume what is the normal volume

Answer 32

air normally inhaled and exhaled at rest ~500

Question 33

what is inspiratory reserve volume what is the normal volume

Answer 33

additional air inhaled beyond normal ~3000

Question 34

what is expiratory reserve volume what is the normal volume

Answer 34

air that can be exhaled past normal ~1000

Question 35

what is residual volume what is the normal volume

Answer 35

air that remains in lungs after forceful exhalation ~1200

Question 36

what is inspiratory capacity what is the normal volume

Answer 36

max amount o air that can be inhaled after normal exhalation ~3500

Question 37

what is the equation for inspiratory capacity

Answer 37

IC = TV + IRV

Question 38

what is functional residual capacity what is the normal volume

Answer 38

amount og air remaining in the lung at the end of normal exhalation ~2300

Question 39

what is the equation for functional residual capacity

Answer 39

FRC = ERV + RV

Question 40

what is vital capacity what is the normal volume

Answer 40

max exhalation following max inhalation ~4600

Question 41

what is the equation for vital capacity

Answer 41

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

Question 42

what is total lung capacity what is the adverage volume

Answer 42

max volume to which the lungs can be expanded ~5800

Question 43

what is the equation for total lung capacity

Answer 43

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Question 44

how does the medulla regulate breathing

Answer 44

inspiration and forced exhalation

Question 45

how does the pons regulate breathing

Answer 45

pneumotaxic center: rhythms of ventilation, timing of inhalation/exhalation, inhibits apneic breathing apneustic center: facilitates apneic or prolonged breathing patterns

Question 46

how does the motor cortex of the frontal lobe regulate breathing

Answer 46

voluntary and conscious breathing

Question 47

where are central chemoreceptors located how do they regulate breathing

Answer 47

located in the medulla facilitates increasing respiratory depth and rate to restore normal blood gas levels

Question 48

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located how do they regulate breathing

Answer 48

located in carotid artery and aortic arch facilitates increased ventilation in response to high CO2 or low O2

Question 49

what is the function of irritant receptors

Answer 49

initiates cough reflex

Question 50

what is the function of stretch receptors

Answer 50

protects the lung from excessive inflation

Question 51

how does intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures affect inhalation

Answer 51

low intrapulmonary pressure, high atmospheric pressure = are flows into the lungs

Question 52

how does intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure affect exhalation

Answer 52

high intrapulmonary pressure, low atmospheric pressure = air expelled

Question 53

describe intrapleural pressure and how it affects breathing

Answer 53

elastic tension of the lung trying to collapse lungs outward pull of thoracic wall trying to expand lungs opposition creates negative pressure within the pleural space

Question 54

what is transmural pressure and how does it affect breathing

Answer 54

intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure allows changes in lung volumes

Question 55

what is perfusion

Answer 55

amount of blood flow to the lungs effects capacity for gas exchange positional/regional lungs have low-resistance and low-pressure vasculature

Question 56

what is ventilation-perfusion (V?Q) matching

Answer 56

distribution of gas (V) and blood (Q) at alveolar level of capillary interface must be matched both ventilation and perfusion are greater in gravity-dependent areas

Question 57

what happens ehn perfusion > ventilation

Answer 57

shunt blood, but no air

Question 58

what happens when ventilation > perfusion

Answer 58

dead space air, but no blood