pul. emphysema

Question 1

pul. emphysema

Answer 1

increase air lungs due to increased elasticity of alveoli
can be:
acute (reversible and due to bronchial asthma attack)
chronic : primary (senile/idiopathic(deficiency of alpha-trypsin) ) secondary (diffused(chronic bronchitis) /focal(TB) )

Question 2

causes of pul.emphysema

Answer 2

chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma bronchiectasis smoking pul.TB exposure to chemical poisons

Question 3

complaints

Answer 3

expiratory dyspnea first during exercise and then at rest

Question 4

physical examination

Answer 4

general inspection: cyanotic face and extremeties
barrel chest
indrawn supraclavicular fossa and intercostal space
jugular vein distended during exp

palpation= elasticity decrease, TF decreases 
percussion= hyperresonant sound inf border lower and upper border higher, enlarged apices
auscultation= decreased vesicular breath and prolonged exp

Question 5

investigation

Answer 5

radiography show hyperinflation hyperlucency, low diaphragm limited mobility

spirometry : decreased insp and exp capacity
decreased VC FEV1 decreased
FEV1/VC reduced
increased functional residual capacity and residual volume

Question 6

treatment

Answer 6

quit smoking
bronchiodilators 
methylxanthines 
steroids
oxygen