Pul 0 Flashcards
Which lymph node does duodenum, jejunum cancer most frequently metastize?
Superior mesenteric nodes.
Which lymph node does Sigmoid colon cancer most frequently metastize?
Colic nodes.
Which lymph node does rectum cancer most frequently metastize?
Inferior iliac nodes or inferior mesenteric nodes.
Which lymph node does testes cancer most frequently metastize?
Para-aortic nodes.
Which lymph node does scrotal cancer most frequently metastize?
Superficial inguinal nodes.
What is the classic triad of symptoms in multiple sclerosis?
- Scanning speech.
- Intention tremor.
- Nystagmus.
Can also inlcude bowel and urinary incontinence, internuclear ophtalmoplegia, and optic neuritis.
Which lysosome storage disease has accumulation of GM2 ganglioside?
Tay-Sach disease.
Which lysosome storage disease is associated with renal failure?
Fabry disease.
Which lymph node does stomach cancer most frequently metastize?
Celiac nodes.
What nerve is the most vulnerable in fracture of the shaft of the humerus?
Radial nerve.
What nerve is the most vulnerable in fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus>
Axillary nerve.
What nerve is the most vulnerable in supracondylar humerus fracture?
Median nerve.
A high school kid falls of his bike and the radiograph shows a midshaft fracture of the humerus. Which nerve and artery are most likely damaged? What muscular problems might be affected?
A radial nerve and deep brachial artery. Wrist drop and loss of brachioradialis reflex.
What is the female equivalent of scotum?
Labia majora.
What is the female equivalent of prostate gland?
Urethral and paraurethral glands of Skene.
What is the female equivalent of glans penis?
Glans clitoris.
What is the mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Sensitized T-lymphocytes bind antigen and release lymphokines. This is a T-cell mediated (delayed) hypersentivitiy.
What immunodeficiency has neutrophils that fails to respond to chemotactic stimuli?
- Job syndrome (hyper IgE syndrome).
2. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome.
What immunodeficiency has adenosine deaminase deficiency?
SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency).
What immunodeficiency is caused by failure of endodermal development?
DiGeorge syndrome.
What immunodeficiency has defective tyrosine kinase gene?
Bruton agammaglobulinemia.
What immunodeficiency is associated with high levels of IgE?
Hyper IgE syndrome (Job syndrome).
What bacterial structure mediates adherence of bacteria to the surface of a cell?
Fimbria or pilli.
What bacterial structure protects against phagocytosis?
Capsule.
What is the bacterial space between the inner and outer cellular membranes in G(-) bacteria?
Periplasm.
What bacterial structure forms attachment between two bacterial during conjugation?
Sex pilus (F pilus).
What bacterial structure holds genetic bacterial structure within bacteria that contains genes for antibiotic resistance?
Plasmid.
What structure arise from the perimesonephric ducts?
The fallopian tubes, uterus and upper portion of the vagina.
Which neurodegenerative disease causes senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles?
Alzheimer disease.
Which neurodegenerative disease is present at birth as “floppy baby”?
Werdnig-Hoffman disease.
Which neurodegenerative disease causes Lewy bodies?
- Parkinson disease.
- Diffuse Lewy body dementia.
- Alzheimer disease (Lewy body type).
What drugs are composed of antibodies against TNF?
- Etanercept: Not an antibody, TNF inhibitor.
- Infliximab: Monoclonal antibodies.
- Adalimumab: Monoclonal antibodies.
The last two end in -mab: monoclonal antibodies.
What eye abnormality is seen in a patient with MS and internuclear opthalmoplegia?
- On lateral gaze: abducting eye has nystagmus and adducting eye is unable to adduct.
- Converge is normal.
-Medial rectus palsy only shows up during lateral gaze and not with convergence.
What exotoxin causes inhibition of ACh release, causing flaccid paralysis?
Botulinum toxin.
What exotoxin causes stimulation of adenylate cyclase, causing CL- and water into gut, causing diarrhea?
- Chorea toxin.
2. Heat labile E. Coli toxin fron enterotoxic E. Coli.
What exotoxin causes scarlet fever?
Erythrogenic and pyogenic exotoxins of Strep pyogenes.
What exotoxin causes inactivates EF-2 causing pseudomembranous pharyngitis?
Diphtheria toxin.
What exotoxin blocks the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine?
Clostridum tetani.
What CD marker is displayed only by helper T cells?
CD4.
What CD marker is displayed only by cytotoxic T cell and regulatory T cells?
CD8.
What CD marker is found on all T cells?
CD3.
What CD marker is used to identify B cells?
- CD19.
- CD20.
- CD21.
What is the cause of achalasia? And how is it diagnosed?
Destruction of the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus, causing the inability to relax the lower esophageal spincters. It is diagnosed with a Barium swallow (bird’s beak sign) or manometry.
How does the mechanism of hypersensitivity II differs from hypersensitivity III?
Type II: Antibodies against self-antigens on the surface of cells.
Type III: Antibodies against soluble antigens in the circulation and the interstitium, causing immune complexes being deposited in tissues.
What does transmural inflammation on intestinal biopsy suggest what disease?
Cron’s disease.
What area of the colon is most susceptible to ischemic damage?
Watershed area of the splenic flexure.
What is enzyme is inhibited by PPI and what are some common PPIs?
H/K ATPse: hydrogen into the lumen for potassium into the cell.
- Omeprazole.
- Lansoprazole.
- Pantoprazole.
- Esomeprazole.
What cocktail medication is commonly taken by patients suffering from severe cirrhosis?
- Lactulose.
- Vitamin K: to max clotting potential.
- Diuretics: prevents ascitis and edema.
- Beta-blockers: to prevent bleeding from esophageal varices.
What are the C’s of Huntington disease?
- CAG repeats on Chromosome Cuatro (4).
- “Cuarenta” - age 40 starts the symptoms.
- Cognitive decline (or dementia).
- Chorea.
- Caudate and putamen atrophy.
In what disease do we see anti-mitochondrial antibodies?
Primary biliary cirrhosis.
In what disease do we see anti-TSH receptor antibodies?
Grave’s disease.
In what disease do we see anti-centromere antibodies?
CREST scleroderma.
In what disease do we see anti-basement membrane antibodies?
Goodpasture syndrome.
In what disease do we see anti-neutrophil antibodies?
- Granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis.
- Microscopic polyangiitis.
- Churg-Strauss syndrome.
- Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis.
A man in his 40s develops dementia and uncontrollable movements of his upper extremities. What portion of the brain do you expect to see atrophy?
Caudate and putamen: for Huntington disease.
What is the homologue of the female counterpart for Corpus spongiosum?
Vestibular bulb.
What is the homologue of the female counterpart for bulbourethral glands?
Vestibular (bartholin) glands.
What is the homologue of the female counterpart for ventral shaft of the penis?
Labia minora.
What portion of the brachioplexus is injured in Erb’s palsy and what are the symptoms?
-It is in C5-C6 roots (upper trunk of brachioplexus), causes loss of abductors, loss of lateral rotators, loss of biceps.
What is the most common salivary gland tumor?
Pleomorphic adenoma.
What are the different sinuses that can become infected and cause sinusitis?
- Maxillary sinus.
- Frontal sinus.
- Ethmoid sinus.
- Sphenoid sinus.
What is the clinical appearance of intranuclear opthalmoplegia?And what disorder is commonly associated with?
- Normally on lateral gaze: one eye is abducting away from the midline and the other is adducting towards the midline.
- Intranuclear opthalmoplegia: paralasis on the eye that is supposed to be adducting and the abducting will have nystagmus.
-It is associated with multiple sclerosis and MLF syndrome (medial longitudinal fasciculus).
What neurodegenerative disease is associated with dementia often associated w/ frequent falls and/or syncope?
Lewy body dementia.
What neurodegenerative disease is associated with atrophy of caudate nucleus resulting on chorea?
Huntington disease.
What neurodegenerative disease is associated with depigmentation of substantia nigra?
Parkinson disease.
What neurodegenerative disease is associated with both upper and lower motor neuron sings (spasticity and weakness)?
ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease).
What neurodegenerative disease is associated with dementia and visual hallucinations?
Lewy body dementia.
What neurodegenerative disease is associated with dementia and personality changes and/or aphasia?
Pick disease.
What CD marker is found on all NK cells and bind to the constant region of IgG?
CD16.
What CD marker inhibits complement C9 binding?
CD55 and CD59.
What endotoxin receptor found on macrophages?
CD14.
What nerve is most at risk in a Fracture of the medial epicondyle?
Ulnar nerve.
What nerve is most at risk in a anterior shoulder dislocation?
Axillary nerve.
What nerve is most at risk in an injury to the carpal tunnel?
Median nerve.
Which lysosomal storage disease has accumulation of dermatin sulfate?
- Hurler disease.
- Hunter syndrome.
- Scheie syndrome.
Which lysosomal storage disease has a deficiency in hexosaminidase?
Tay-Sach disease.
What is the difference between direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin?
- Direct bilirubin: Conjugated w/ glucuronic acid.
- Indirect bilirubin: Unconjugated.
