Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 3A > Public health revision session > Flashcards

Public health revision session Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three domains of public health

A

Health improvement
Health protection
Improving services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is health protection

A

Against spillages and risks and dangers and stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is imrpoving services

A

Clinical governance

Evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Healthy equality

A

Giving everyone the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Health equity

A

Giving everyone the things needed to achieve thier health needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of health inequality

A 
Place of residence
Race
Occupation
Gender
Religion
Economic status
Social capital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Horizontal equity

A

Equal treatment for equal need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vertical equity

A

Unequal treatment for unequal need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cohort study

A

Longitudinal study in similar groups with different risk factors and treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Advantages of cohort study

A

Good for rare exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Disadvantages of cohort study

A

Bad for rare diseases
Large sample size needed
Expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Case control study

A

Observational study looking at cause of a disease. Compares similar participants with disease and controls. Retrospectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Advantages of case control

A

Quick
Good for rare outcomes
(you choose the people)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disadvantages of case control

A

Recall bias

Dificulty finding appropriately matched controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cross sectional study

A

Observational study collecting data from a population at a specific point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Advantages of cross sectional

A

Quick
Cheap
Large sample size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disadvantages of cross sectional

A

Risk of reserve causality
Bad for rare outcomes
Lead time bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Randomised control trial

A

Interventional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Advantages of RCT

A

Low risk of bias and confounding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Disadvantages of RCT

A

Ethical issues (not giving best care)
Expensive
Drop out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you get over RCT ethical issues

A

Have clear stopping rules which are minimum standards of care which must be met and if they arent then participant stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases within specific population in a specific time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of cases present within a population in a specific time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you calculate relative risk

A

Compares incidence or prevalence.

Work out the two rates then divide them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How do you calculate attributable risk
Relative risk - background rate
26
How do you calculate number needed to treat/harm
1/attributable risk and ALWAYS ROUND UP
27
Define sensitivity
percentage of people with the disease who have been correctly identified
28
Define specificity
percentage of people correctly excluded as disease free
29
Wilson and young screening criteria
``` Important disease Understand cause Recognisable early or latent phase Simple, safe, precise and validated test Acceptable to the population Effective treatment with early detection, with better outcomes than late detection Policy of who should be treated ```
30
What can cause association
``` Bias Chance Confounding Reverse causality True causation ```
31
Define bias
Systematic error which results in a deviation from the true effect of an exposure on an outcome
32
Selection bias
Non response of certain groups, allocation bias. | Bias in which participants are selected
33
Information bias
Measurement bias, observation bias, recall bias, reporting bias
34
Publication bias
Trials with negative results less likely to be published
35
Lead time vis length time bias
Lead time bias- looks like longer life expectancy because screening has found them earlier (ahead) Length time bias- Less likely to see people with longer diseases (longer)
36
Define confounding
Apparent association between exposure and disease. Independently associated with both disease and exposure.
37
Bradford hill criteria for causation
``` Temporality (exposure before disease) Reverse causality Dose response Strength of association Reversibility Consistency ```
38
Planning cycle for health services
Needs assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation
39
Define health
A state of complete biomedical, social, physical, spiritual wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease
40
Bradshaws needs
Felt need Expressed need Normative need Comparative need
41
Felt need
What the patient thinks they need
42
Expressed need
What the patient tells you they need
43
Normative need
What we say they need
44
Comparative need
Differences in health services available to two populations
45
Demanded and supplied but not needed
Antibiotics for viral
46
Needed and supplied but not demanded
Smoking cessation
47
Three approaches to a health needs assessment
Epidemiological approach Comparative approach Corporate approach
48
Epidemiological approach
Use prevalence and incidence data | Doesnt take into account felt need
49
Corporate approach
Takes into account stake holders Takes felt needs into account Blur need and demand Influenced more by big dogs
50
Comparative approach
Compares health access of two populations. Based on comparative need.
51
Donabedian approach to evaluation
Structure Process Outcome
52
Structure (in evaluation)
Building, staff, equipment | /1000 population
53
Process (in evaluation)
What is done, how many seen or done | /1000 population
54
Outcome (in evaluation)
Morbidity, mortality, disability, dissatisfaction | /1000 population
55
Evaluation
Process which seeks to assess how a service systematically achieves its objectives
56
Maxmells dimensions of quality
Effectiveness, efficiency, equity | Acceptability, accessibility, appropriateness
57
Models of behaviour change
Health belief model Theory of planned behaviour Stages of change (Nudging, financial incentives, motivational interviewing)
58
Health belief model
``` Influencing patient perception to increase health promoting behaviour. Susceptibility to ill health Severity of ill health Benefits of behaviour change Barriers to taking action ```
59
Theory of planned behaviour
Attitudes, subjective norm and percieved behaviour control influence intention. And then they will definitely change behaviour
60
Transtheoretical/ stages of change
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse Doesnt take into account personal
61
Communicable disease control
Kills people, contagious, expensive to treat, effective interventions. (blood borne viruses normally arent)
62
Who do you tell communicable disease
Public health england, any registered medical practicioner should
63
When do you tell communicable disease
On basis of clinical suspicion. | Written notification or telephone if urgent
64
What do you tell about communicable disease
NHS number, DOB, contact details, details of disease/ contamination
65
Define cluster
Aggregation of cases of a condition which may or may not be linked
66
Define suspected outbreak
More cases than would be expected in a specific place and time
67
Confirmed outbreak
Epidiomoligical or pathophysiology link
68
Epidemic
Occurance within an area in excess of what is expected
69
Pandemic
Different countries
70
Endemic
Normal rates
71
Hyper endemic
Higher than normal levels
72
What is a secondary prevention
Screening

Phase 3A (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions