PPS info

Question 1

Brainstorming definition

Answer 1

Stimulating creative thinking and generation of ideas in response to problems

Question 2

Buzz groups defintion

Answer 2

Turning to neighbours to consider concepts

Question 3

Snowballing definition

Answer 3

Participants work in progressively larger groups to that individuals join to pairs, pairs to fours, fours to eights etc, ensuring full participation

Question 4

Rounds definition

Answer 4

Each person has 30s to 1 minute to discuss the topic, useful at the beginning of a session

Question 5

Line ups definition

Answer 5

Asked to adopt a position on a line which represents their view on an issue

Question 6

Circular interviewing/questioning definition

Answer 6

Similar to rounds but each person asks a question, usually to the person opposite them, continues until everyone has contributed

Question 7

What is diversity

Answer 7

Understanding ourselves

Question 8

Define health

Answer 8

The state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or deformity

Question 9

Human rights act 1998

Answer 9

Irreducable moral status of individuals demands that people are treated in ways that are compatible with that moral status

Question 10

HRA: Article 2

Answer 10

The right to life

Question 11

HRA: Article 3

Answer 11

The right to be free from inhuman and degrading treatment

Question 12

HRA: Article 8

Answer 12

The right to respect for privacy and family life

Question 13

HRA: Article 12

Answer 13

The right to marry and found a family

Question 14

HRA: Article 14

Answer 14

The enjoyment of rights and freedoms irrespective of discrimation

Question 15

Define utilitariansim

Answer 15

Maximising good for the maximum number of people

Question 16

Why have rationing needs increased

Answer 16

Increased demand
More chronic long term illnesses
Medicalisation of normal events like childbirth
Increase in choice and expensive drugs

Question 17

Egalitarian principles

Answer 17

NHS was founded on a requirement to provide all care that is necessary and appropriate to everyone

Question 18

What are maximising principles

Answer 18

Essentially utilitarianism

Criteria the maximise public utility

Question 19

Libertarian principles

Answer 19

Each is responsible for their own health, well being and fulfilment of life plan

Question 20

Leadership models

Answer 20

Laissez faire
Transactional
Transformational

Question 21

Laissez faire leadership

Answer 21

Delegation of responsibility

Question 22

Transactional leadership

Answer 22

Supervision, reward and punishment

Question 23

Transformational leadership

Answer 23

Inspiring your team, getting the most out of them

Question 24

What is a doctor in terms of clnical decision making

Answer 24

One who has ultimate responsibilty for difficult decisions using knowledge and judgement

Question 25

Aristotle moral virtues

Answer 25

Courage | Integrity

Question 26

Aristotle intellectual virtues

Answer 26

Knowledge Skill Judgement

Question 27

Why is risk estimation hard

Answer 27

People are not good at estimating odds

Question 28

Decision making systems

Answer 28

Kahneman and Tversky

Question 29

What is the kahneman tversky decision model

Answer 29

Pattern recognition. | Novices decide analytically, experts decide using intuition

Question 30

Intuitive decision making

Answer 30

Ability to understand something instantly without conscious reasoning. Recognition and heuristic. Irresistable.

Question 31

Advantages and disadvantages of pattern recognition decision making

Answer 31

Fast and frugal | Prone to biases

Question 32

How to reduce risks of intuition

Answer 32

Decision environment and process Personal debiasing techniques Cognitive Structural debiasing

Question 33

Dual process thoery

Answer 33

Intuitive thinking with its irresistable combinatino of heuristics and biases, together with analytical thinking, using evidence based medicine

Question 34

What causes most medical errors

Answer 34

Miscommunication

Question 35

Human factors which can cause issues

Answer 35

Loss of situational awareness Perception and cognition Teamwork Culture

Question 36

What is the swiss cheese model

Answer 36

Where a series of failed of absent diseases fail to prevent accident and injury

Question 37

What type of conditions allign in swiss cheese model

Answer 37

Latent and active conditions

Question 38

What determines behaviour intention and therefore behaviour

Answer 38

Attitude toward behaviour Subjective norm Percieved behaviour control

Question 39

Person approach to human factors

Answer 39

Focus on individual Blame/fault Retrain, discipline, shame Target individual

Question 40

System approach to human factors

Answer 40

``` Focus on the working conditions Recognise errors Implement defences Create better systems Target team, task, workforce ```

Question 41

Define never events

Answer 41

Serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents that should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented. Intolerable and inexcusable

Question 42

Sloth error

Answer 42

Not bothered. Concientiousness counters this

Question 43

Fixation and loss of perspective error

Answer 43

Overlooking, unshakeable. Open mindedness and situational awareness counters this

Question 44

Communication breakdown error

Answer 44

Unclear and not listening. Effective communication overcomes this

Question 45

Poor team working error

Answer 45

Independent, poor direction. Good team working overcomes this

Question 46

Playing the odds error

Answer 46

Choosing the common and dismissing the rare. Probability assessment overcomes this

Question 47

Bravado error

Answer 47

Working beyond competence. Humility overcomes this

Question 48

Ignorance error

Answer 48

Unconcious incompetence, self awareness overcomes this

Question 49

Mis triage error

Answer 49

misestimating the seriousness of a situation, prioritisation overcomes this

Question 50

Lack of skill error

Answer 50

Lack of appropriate skills, teaching or practise. Effective technical skills overcome this

Question 51

System error

Answer 51

Environmental, technology, equipment or organisational features. Inadequate built in safeguards. System design overcomes this

Question 52

Three key duties of a doctor

Answer 52

Knowledge, skills and performance Safety and quality Maintaining trust

Question 53

4 categories of how things go wrong

Answer 53

Human error Neglect Poor performance Misconduct

Question 54

Do harm and error link

Answer 54

Harm doesnt always lead to error and visa versa. Analysing these can show patterns

Question 55

3 categories of human error

Answer 55

Communication Judgement error Omissions, lapses, violations

Question 56

4 tests for medical negligence

Answer 56

Was there a duty of care Was there a breach in the duty of care Did the patient come to harm Did the breach cause the harm

Question 57

Describe medical negligence

Answer 57

Legal entity. Civil claim for damages. On balance of probabilities. Can be found liable but not guilty

Question 58

Examples of neglect

Answer 58

``` Below accepted standard Repeated minor mistakes Not caring Safeguarding Nutrition and care Medical care ```

Question 59

Examples of poor performance

Answer 59

``` Attitude Rude, tardy, scruffy Failure to improve Affects patient care Usually evident from study days ```

Question 60

Examples of misconduct

Answer 60

Deliberate harm lack of candour hiding mistakes altering records

Question 61

What is candour

Answer 61

Open and honest

Question 62

Examples of fraud/theft

Answer 62

False expense claims Time: sickness Drug and alcohol problems

Question 63

Examples of improper relationships

Answer 63

Patients, relatives, colleagues