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Phase 3A > PPS info > Flashcards

PPS info Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstorming definition

A

Stimulating creative thinking and generation of ideas in response to problems

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2
Q

Buzz groups defintion

A

Turning to neighbours to consider concepts

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3
Q

Snowballing definition

A

Participants work in progressively larger groups to that individuals join to pairs, pairs to fours, fours to eights etc, ensuring full participation

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4
Q

Rounds definition

A

Each person has 30s to 1 minute to discuss the topic, useful at the beginning of a session

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5
Q

Line ups definition

A

Asked to adopt a position on a line which represents their view on an issue

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6
Q

Circular interviewing/questioning definition

A

Similar to rounds but each person asks a question, usually to the person opposite them, continues until everyone has contributed

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7
Q

What is diversity

A

Understanding ourselves

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8
Q

Define health

A

The state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or deformity

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9
Q

Human rights act 1998

A

Irreducable moral status of individuals demands that people are treated in ways that are compatible with that moral status

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10
Q

HRA: Article 2

A

The right to life

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11
Q

HRA: Article 3

A

The right to be free from inhuman and degrading treatment

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12
Q

HRA: Article 8

A

The right to respect for privacy and family life

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13
Q

HRA: Article 12

A

The right to marry and found a family

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14
Q

HRA: Article 14

A

The enjoyment of rights and freedoms irrespective of discrimation

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15
Q

Define utilitariansim

A

Maximising good for the maximum number of people

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16
Q

Why have rationing needs increased

A

Increased demand
More chronic long term illnesses
Medicalisation of normal events like childbirth
Increase in choice and expensive drugs

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17
Q

Egalitarian principles

A

NHS was founded on a requirement to provide all care that is necessary and appropriate to everyone

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18
Q

What are maximising principles

A

Essentially utilitarianism

Criteria the maximise public utility

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19
Q

Libertarian principles

A

Each is responsible for their own health, well being and fulfilment of life plan

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20
Q

Leadership models

A

Laissez faire
Transactional
Transformational

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21
Q

Laissez faire leadership

A

Delegation of responsibility

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22
Q

Transactional leadership

A

Supervision, reward and punishment

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23
Q

Transformational leadership

A

Inspiring your team, getting the most out of them

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24
Q

What is a doctor in terms of clnical decision making

A

One who has ultimate responsibilty for difficult decisions using knowledge and judgement

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25
Q

Aristotle moral virtues

A

Courage

Integrity

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26
Q

Aristotle intellectual virtues

A

Knowledge
Skill
Judgement

27
Q

Why is risk estimation hard

A

People are not good at estimating odds

28
Q

Decision making systems

A

Kahneman and Tversky

29
Q

What is the kahneman tversky decision model

A

Pattern recognition.

Novices decide analytically, experts decide using intuition

30
Q

Intuitive decision making

A

Ability to understand something instantly without conscious reasoning. Recognition and heuristic. Irresistable.

31
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of pattern recognition decision making

A

Fast and frugal

Prone to biases

32
Q

How to reduce risks of intuition

A

Decision environment and process
Personal debiasing techniques
Cognitive
Structural debiasing

33
Q

Dual process thoery

A

Intuitive thinking with its irresistable combinatino of heuristics and biases, together with analytical thinking, using evidence based medicine

34
Q

What causes most medical errors

A

Miscommunication

35
Q

Human factors which can cause issues

A

Loss of situational awareness
Perception and cognition
Teamwork
Culture

36
Q

What is the swiss cheese model

A

Where a series of failed of absent diseases fail to prevent accident and injury

37
Q

What type of conditions allign in swiss cheese model

A

Latent and active conditions

38
Q

What determines behaviour intention and therefore behaviour

A

Attitude toward behaviour
Subjective norm
Percieved behaviour control

39
Q

Person approach to human factors

A

Focus on individual
Blame/fault
Retrain, discipline, shame
Target individual

40
Q

System approach to human factors

A 
Focus on the working conditions
Recognise errors
Implement defences
Create better systems
Target team, task, workforce
41
Q

Define never events

A

Serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents that should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented. Intolerable and inexcusable

42
Q

Sloth error

A

Not bothered. Concientiousness counters this

43
Q

Fixation and loss of perspective error

A

Overlooking, unshakeable. Open mindedness and situational awareness counters this

44
Q

Communication breakdown error

A

Unclear and not listening. Effective communication overcomes this

45
Q

Poor team working error

A

Independent, poor direction. Good team working overcomes this

46
Q

Playing the odds error

A

Choosing the common and dismissing the rare. Probability assessment overcomes this

47
Q

Bravado error

A

Working beyond competence. Humility overcomes this

48
Q

Ignorance error

A

Unconcious incompetence, self awareness overcomes this

49
Q

Mis triage error

A

misestimating the seriousness of a situation, prioritisation overcomes this

50
Q

Lack of skill error

A

Lack of appropriate skills, teaching or practise. Effective technical skills overcome this

51
Q

System error

A

Environmental, technology, equipment or organisational features. Inadequate built in safeguards. System design overcomes this

52
Q

Three key duties of a doctor

A

Knowledge, skills and performance
Safety and quality
Maintaining trust

53
Q

4 categories of how things go wrong

A

Human error
Neglect
Poor performance
Misconduct

54
Q

Do harm and error link

A

Harm doesnt always lead to error and visa versa. Analysing these can show patterns

55
Q

3 categories of human error

A

Communication
Judgement error
Omissions, lapses, violations

56
Q

4 tests for medical negligence

A

Was there a duty of care
Was there a breach in the duty of care
Did the patient come to harm
Did the breach cause the harm

57
Q

Describe medical negligence

A

Legal entity. Civil claim for damages. On balance of probabilities. Can be found liable but not guilty

58
Q

Examples of neglect

A 
Below accepted standard
Repeated minor mistakes
Not caring
Safeguarding
Nutrition and care
Medical care
59
Q

Examples of poor performance

A 
Attitude
Rude, tardy, scruffy
Failure to improve
Affects patient care
Usually evident from study days
60
Q

Examples of misconduct

A

Deliberate harm
lack of candour
hiding mistakes
altering records

61
Q

What is candour

A

Open and honest

62
Q

Examples of fraud/theft

A

False expense claims
Time: sickness
Drug and alcohol problems

63
Q

Examples of improper relationships

A

Patients, relatives, colleagues

Phase 3A (25 decks)

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